Introduction of chlorine into aromatic rings by electrophilic substitution is an important synthetic transformation because chlorinated hydrocarbons are recognized as versatile starting materials and additives in th e p rod uctio n o f h igh qu ality in sectic ides, fungicides, herbicides, dyes, pharmaceuticals 1 Moreover, they can serve as precursors for numerous functionalities, such as pheno...

para-Selective processes for the chlorination of phenols using sulphuryl chloride in presence various sulphur-containing catalysts have been successfully developed. Several chlorinated phenols, especially those derived by para-chlorination phenol, ortho-cresol, meta-cresol, and meta-xylenol, are significant commercial importance, but reactions such not always as regioselective would be desirabl...

Mussel control in cooling water systems is generally achieved by means of chlorination. Chlorine is applied continuously or intermittently, depending on cost and discharge criteria. In this paper, we examined whether mussels will be able to survive intermittent chlorination because of their ability to close their valves during periods of chlorination. Experiments were carried out using three co...

This study investigated the effects of preozonation on disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation during chlorination and chloramination of the water collected from Tai Lake. Results showed that the high ozone dose (0.6-1.0 mg O₃/mg DOC) pretreatment reduced the yields of trihaloacetic acids (reduced 62-63% in chlorination), dihaloacetonitriles (reduced 53-55% and 14-26% in chlorination and chlo...

OBJECTIVE To introduce a new sequential chlorination disinfection process in which short-term free chlorine and chloramine are sequentially added. METHODS Pilot tests of this sequential chlorination were carried out in a drinking water plant. RESULTS The sequential chlorination disinfection process had the same or better efficiency on microbe (including virus) inactivation compared with the...