This review covers selected results from the LEP experiments on the structure of quasi-real and virtual photons. The topics discussed are the total hadronic cross-section for photon-photon scattering, hadron production, jet cross-sections, heavy quark production for photon-photon scattering, photon structure functions, and crosssections for the exchange of two virtual photons.

The general theory of matter field interaction is developed for use with scattering phenomena and applied to Compton scattering, of a photon from an initially stationary electron. The method is based on the ECE wave equation, which defines the R parameter of scattering theory. The wave equation is augmented by the minimal prescription and the relativistic Hamilton Jacobi equation. An expression...

During the past two decades, there have been tremendous developments in near-field imaging and local probing techniques. Examples are the Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), Near-field Scanning Optical Microscope (NSOM), Photon Scanning Tunneling Microscope (PSTM), and Scanning Thermal Microscope (SThM).Results showed that the average reflectance for a dopant con...