The purpose of the present study was to provide an assessment of the incidence of cancer of the larynx in Kazakhstan with especial attention to ethnicity and gender, as well as age. The retrospective design covered all new cases of laryngeal cancer in 11 years (1999-2009). The total number was 4,967 cases, 4,535 (91.3%) in males and 432 (8.7%) in women, with a gender ratio of 10.5:1. Patients o...

The relationship between reasoning and language has been frequently studied. Here we explore principles of spatial reasoning in Germans and Russians. We compared the performance of Russians in three different settings to the performance of Germans. The task was to construct layouts of wooden blocks according to verbal instructions, describing the relations of these blocks. Subsequently pieces o...

The purpose of this paper is to calculate the running time of dense boolean matrix operations, as used in stream cipher cryptanalysis and integer factorization. Several variations of Gaussian Elimination, Strassen’s Algorithm and the Method of Four Russians are analyzed. In particular, we demonstrate that Strassen’s Algorithm is actually slower than the Four Russians algorithm for matrices of t...

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation was examined in Poles (from the Pomerania-Kujawy region; n = 436) and Russians (from three different regions of the European part of Russia; n = 201), for which the two hypervariable segments (HVS I and HVS II) and haplogroup-specific coding region sites were analyzed. The use of mtDNA coding region RFLP analysis made it possible to distinguish paral...

Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation was examined by the control region sequencing (HVS I and HVS II) and RFLP analysis of haplogroup-diagnostic coding region sites in 570 individuals from four regional populations of Poles and two Russian groups from northwestern part of the country. Additionally, sequences of complete mitochondrial genomes representing K1a1b1a subclade in Polish and Polish Ro...

Russia provides an interesting context for studying the labor market experiences of the elderly because of its experience with market transition, its looming growth in the elderly dependency ratio, and its unusual pension policies that do not penalize pensioners for working. We use data from twenty surveys of the Russian population conducted from February 1991 to November 2007 to analyze the la...

Previous immigration literature indicates that one of the most important skills on the labor market is the knowledge of the local language. Different studies suggest that fluency in the language of the destination country is typically associated with 10-30% wage premium (Chiswick and Miller, 1995; Chiswick, 1998; Leslie and Lindley, 2001; Chiswick and Miller, 2002; Shields and Price, 2002; Root...