Micro-scale changes in earthworm communities and ground cover types were studied along five transect lines in an unmanaged beech forest (Fontainebleau forest, France). Spatial patterns were interpreted to the light of interactions between earthworm species and forest architecture, ground vegetation and quantity as well as quality of litter. The anecic Lumbricus terrestris was associated with pa...

In their study of the evolution of galaxies within clusters, Butcher and Oemler discovered evidence for a strong evolution in star-formation rate with redshift. Later studies confirmed this conclusion and uncovered several aspects of the effect: photometric, spectroscopic, and morphological. This article reviews a broad sample of these works and discusses selection effects, biases, and driving ...

Background and objectives: Ruscus genus from Asparagaceae (popularly called Butcher`s broom) are perennial rhizomatous evergreen herbs and grows in Europe and south western Asia. They are generally used as anti-inflammatory, diaphoretic, diuretic, mildly laxative, and vasoconstrictive agents in many countries. Ruscus hyrcanus Woronov is widely distributed in n...

H emorrhoids are a very common condition. Hospitalbased proctoscopy studies show prevalence rates of hemorrhoids in up to 86 percent of patients studied with many in an asymptomatic state. Botanicals used internally and topically can treat early stages of hemorrhoids effectively and can be used as adjuncts in more advanced stages when surgical treatments may be necessary. The roles of butcher’s...