from the past to the present time, in all civilizations and countries, urbanization is considered the most striking evolution of human societies. with the advent of the industrial revolution and the rapid expansion of cities, societies were faced with numerous problems. one of the most significant problems is extreme centralization in one city or more and fragmentation of urban hierarchical sys...

this study aimed to examine key factors affecting rural female facilitators’ role in participatory rural development in tehran province. since the researchers intended to have a better insight into the facilitators’ role and employ inquiry as a learning forum for bringing about changes for all participants, they preferred to use a case study based upon an appreciative inquiry method. the study ...

in iran, new centralization characteristic, especially during pahlavi dynasty, has been convergence and its vast use in bureaucracy. historical sociological studies have consensus on the issues of centralization, power centralization, and political sovereignty in iran; however, these issues have some divisional interruptions and different levels of strength in some parts of the history. this es...

the rural tourism as the most popular forms of tourism can be regarded as a policy to reduce the problems of rural areas. rural tourism, is a risk factor for the development of rural areas, including most the effects of its population stable, solve unemployment, reduced migration and more. this study aimed to detection effects of tourism in myshkhas rural center development in ilam province. a ...