sugar, which can be extracted from sugar cane and sugar beet, is one of the most important ingredients of food. conducting more research to increase the extraction efficiency of sugar is necessary due to high production of sugar beet and its numerous processing units in northern khorasan province. in this research, the effect of temperature, time and the frequency of ultrasonic waves on mechani...

Earthquakes occur as dynamic shear cracks and convert part of the elastic strain energy into radiated and dissipated energy. Local evolution of shear strength that governs this process, which is variable in space and time, can be studied from laboratory experiments and rupture models. At the same time, increasingly accurate measurements of radiated energy and other quantities characterize earth...

We combine dynamic self-consistent field theory with the string method to calculate the minimum energy path to membrane pore formation and rupture. In the regime where nucleation can occur on experimentally relevant time scales, the structure of the critical nucleus is between a solvophilic stalk and a locally thinned membrane. Classical nucleation theory fails to capture these molecular detail...

We combine dynamic self-consistent field theory with the string method to calculate the minimum energy path to membrane pore formation and rupture. In the regime where nucleation can occur on experimentally relevant time scales, the structure of the critical nucleus is between a solvophilic stalk and a locally thinned membrane. Classical nucleation theory fails to capture these molecular detail...

The source parameters of the 1994 Bolivian earthquake (magnitude Mw = 8.3) suggest that the maximum seismic efficiency eta was 0.036 and the minimum frictional stress was 550 bars. Thus, the source process was dissipative, which is consistent with the observed slow rupture speed, only 20% of the local S-wave velocity. The amount of nonradiated energy produced during the Bolivian rupture was com...

[1] Earthquake source time functions deconvolved from teleseismic broadband P wave recordings are used to examine rupture variations for 417 underthrusting earthquakes located on the interplate interface in circum-Pacific subduction zones. Moment-scaled duration of significant moment release varies with depth, with longer-duration events occurring in the shallowest 20 km of the megathrusts. The...

S U M M A R Y Knowledge of the rupture speed and spatial–temporal distribution of energy radiation of earthquakes is important for earthquake physics. Backprojection of teleseismic waves is commonly used to image the rupture process of large events. The conventional backprojection method typically performs temporal and spatial averaging to obtain reliable rupture features. We present an iterati...

[1] We investigate the ground motion produced by rupture propagation through circular barriers and asperities in an otherwise homogeneous earthquake rupture. Using a threedimensional finite difference method, we analyze the effect of asperity radius, strength, and depth in a dynamic model with fixed rupture velocity. We gradually add complexity to the model, eventually approaching the behavior ...

Electronic energy (chemical bond energy) is the exclusive source of utilizable energy in biological systems. The release of this energy is mediated enzymically. The energy required to rupture a single covalent or ionic bond is prohibitively high under physiological conditions [in the range of 80-200 kcal/mol (1 kcal = 4.18 kJ)]. By the technique of the pairing of bond rupture (two juxtaposed bo...

High-speed digital photography was used to study rupture propagation on the interface between transparent damaged and undamaged photoelastic plates. Bilateral ruptures were nucleated on pre-machined faults at an angle α to the uniaxial loading axis. Stress concentration at the crack tips produced fringes in polarized laser light that allowed their positions to be measured in successive photos. ...