There is a problem of applying of combining rules to evidence which were got from different information sources in framework of Dempster-Shafer theory. In this work the conflict measure and index of decreasing of ignorance in frame of Dempster-Shafer theory are introduced for characterization of quality of applied combining rules. Those functionals are analyzed on the bodies of evidences of spe...

there are two different contradictory approach regarding the interaction of the state immunity and jus cogens. some jurist argue that jus cogens rules should prevail over other inconsistent ordinary rules of international law including state immunity. this argument therefore depends upon the existence of conflict between rules of jus cogens, and the rule of customary law which requires one stat...

drug addiction is a major social, economic, and hygienic challenge that impacts on all the community and needs serious threat. available treatments are successful only in short-term unless underlying reasons making individuals prone to the phenomenon are not investigated. nowadays, there are some treatment centers which have comprehensive information about addicted people. therefore, given the ...

on december 11, 2008, the united nations adopted the “convention on contracts for the international carriage of goods wholly or partly by sea”, more colloquially known as the “rotterdam rules” for the city which hosted the convention’s signing ceremony on september 23, 2009. rotterdam convention approved the “presumption of responsibility” as the basis of carrier’s responsibility and listed the...

We introduce a general class of rules for claims problems, called the difference rules, and demonstrate that a rule satisfies composition down and composition up if and only if it is a difference rule. We show that these rules take a special form when there are two agents. In a variable population framework, we introduce a family of rules satisfying consistency, composition down, and compositio...