Recall that a rng is a ring which is possibly non-unital. In this note, we address the problem whether every finitely generated idempotent rng (abbreviated as irng) is singly generated as an ideal. It is well-known that it is the case for a commutative irng. We prove here it is also the case for a free rng on finitely many idempotents and for a finite irng. A relation to the Wiegold problem for...

The relative neighbourhood graph (RNG) of a set of n points on the plane is defined. The ability of the RNG to extract a perceptually meaningful structure from the set of points is briefly discussed and compared to that of two other graph structures: the minimal spanning tree (MST) and the Delaunay (Voronoi) triangulation (DT). It is shown that the RNG is a superset of the MST and a subset of t...

Background Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) is pipeline quality gas that is fully interchangeable with fossil natural gas but is produced from a renewable feedstock and can be used as a 100% substitute for, or blended with, conventional natural gas streams [1]. RNG is an important alternative fuel that can help the State of California meet several GHG and renewable energy targets. As a transportatio...

This paper and its companion (Part I) are devoted to to the analysis of the application of a chaotic piecewise-linear one-dimensional (PL1D) map as Random Number Generator (RNG). In Part I, we have mathematically analyzed the information generation process of a class of PL1D maps. In this paper, we find optimum parameters that give an RNG with lowest redundancy and maximum margin against parasi...

Many Random Number Generators (RNG) are available nowadays; they are divided in two categories, hardware RNG, that provide “true” random numbers, and algorithmic RNG, that generate pseudo random numbers (PRNG). Both types usually generate random numbers (Xn)n as independent uniform samples in a range 0, . . . 2 − 1, with b = 8, 16, 32 or b = 64. In applications, it is instead sometimes desirabl...

We briefly address general aspects that reliable security evaluations of physical RNGs should consider. Then we discuss an efficient RNG design that is based on a pair of noisy diodes. The main contribution of this paper is the formulation and the analysis of the corresponding stochastic model which interestingly also fits to other RNG designs. We prove a theorem that provides tight lower bound...

This paper and its companion (Part II) are devoted to the analysis of the application of a chaotic piecewise-linear onedimensional (PL1D) map as random number generator (RNG). Piecewise linearity of the map enables us to mathematically find parameter values for which a generating partition is Markov and the RNG behaves as a Markov information source, and then to mathematically analyze the infor...

This paper presents two novel hardware random number generators (RNGs) based on latch metastability. We designed the first, the DC-nulling RNG, for extremely low power operation. The second, the FIR-based RNG, uses a predictive whitening filter to remove non-random components from the generated bit sequence. In both designs, the use of floatinggate memory cells allows us to predict and compensa...

The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between neutrophil-related factors, including neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the responses of neutrophil to granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (RNG), and the prognosis of patients with locally advanced cervical squamous cell carcinoma (LACSCC) undergoing cisplatin-based concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCCRT). A total of sixty LACSCC...

The ns-2 is a widely used network simulation tool which implements a fairly old and weak random number generator (RNG). As the RNG component is used by a variety of other components, it can be seen as one of the most important core components of the ns-2. In this paper we explore weaknesses of this RNG and demonstrate its shortcomings in context with a simple simulation example (M/D/1) which pr...