The previous research on health risk assessment has provided significant insights into the predictive ability of different methods. However, these studies have some shortcomings in this regard. First, few studies have compared competing models using the same sample of data, making it difficult to assess their relative performance. Second, as a result of an emphasis on searching for an alternati...

The literature on the application of life cycle assessment (LCA) to process industry products and particularly to chemical processes has been reviewed. The main purpose of an LCA is to provide a quantitative assessment of the environmental impact of products over their entire life cycle, with a view to making improvements. Application to processes, which are key parts of the life cycle, is impo...

OBJECTIVES Investigate factors associated with employee participation rates in health risk assessments. METHODS This cross-sectional study using multiple regression analyzed data from 124 employers with 882,275 eligible employees who completed 344,825 health and productivity assessments (HPAs). RESULTS Incentive value and Communications and Organizational Commitment Level (Com/Org Level) we...

China has recognized the need to investigate and remediate former manufacturing facilities and return the land they occupy to a new, productive use. As a result, national guidelines entitled “Technical guidelines for Risk assessment of contaminated sites” were issued in 2014 to guide site investigations, risk assessments, and remedial actions to reduce or mitigate potential exposures of people ...

Assessing the impacts of chemical mixtures in the environment is challenging largely because of high variation: diverse sources and constituents; routes of environmental exposure; taxa-specific sensitivities. This complexity and uncertainty leads to concerns that current prospective risk assessment (RA) methods are insufficient for appropriate environmental protection. Likewise, there is scope ...

There is a cascade of risks associated with a hazard evolving into a disaster that consists of the risk that: (1) a hazard will produce an event; (2) an event will cause structural damage; (3) structural damage will create functional damages and needs; (4) needs will create an emergency (require use of the local response capacity); and (5) the needs will overwhelm the local response capacity an...

An overview is given of recent problems with food-borne enteric human pathogens originating from contaminated agricultural animals. The need for risk analysis is indicated, and the generally accepted procedure for risk assessment is outlined. Two main approaches to probability and risk calculations, namely the “frequentist” and Bayesian approaches, are described. Examples are given of microbial...

An outline is given of the behavioral properties (axioms) that have been proposed, and to some extent empirically evaluated, concerning uncertain (often risky) alternatives, the joint receipt of alternatives, and possible linking properties. Recent theoretical work has established the existence of three inherently distinct risk types of people—risk seeking, risk neutral, and risk averse—and so ...

The theory states the Balanced Scorecard has several advantages as a performance evaluation method, when compared with exclusively financial measures. The objective of the present study is to analyze the usage rates and the knowledge spreading about the Balanced Scorecard in Portuguese industrial small and medium size enterprises, while researching the existence of factors that explain why the ...