Diazepam is a benzodiazepine derivative with anxyolitic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, sedative, skeletal muscle relaxant, antitremor, and amnestic activity. It is metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome P (CYP) 450 enzyme system. Diazepam is N-demethylated by CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 to the active metabolite N-desmethyldiazepam, and is hydroxylated by CYP3A4 to the active metabolite temazepam. N-desm...

The first description of the use of intravenous fluid in a human is attributed to Dr Thomas Latta during the cholera epidemic in London in 1831–2. Dr Latta described his experience in a letter to the editor of The Lancet. 1 Dr Latta first attempted to replace the lost fluid and salts 'by injecting copiously into the larger intestine warm water, holding in solution the requisite salts, and also ...

This experiment evaluated the hydrogen ion (H+) buffering capacity (BC) of solutions and alkalizing agents employed during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). A solution's BC can be determined when a known quantity of H+ is titrated into the solution and the change () in pH (-log of the hydrogen ion activity ([H+]a)) is measured ([H+]a/mmole H+). Eleven solutions were studied:Lactated Ringers (LR), 0...

By the end of eighteenth-century St Martin’s Youths Birmingham was one leading bell ringing societies outside London, as it remains to this day. The handwritten peal books in Archive Guild, its modern successor, provide a record peals rung by society from 1755, but little known ringers themselves beyond few anecdotes contained oral history for later period. Genealogical records and techniques a...

Twenty patients with coronary artery disease were selected at random to study the effects of hemodilution on red blood cell fragility index before undergoing extracorporeal circulation. The purpose of this study is to establish accurate base line values based on hematocrit ranges as a prelude to studying red blood cell trauma during extracorporeal circulation. For each patient studied, five sep...

To regulate the quantity of respiratory tract fluid, the airway epithelium either secretes chloride, Cl-, or reabsorbs sodium, Na+. Many secretagogues inhibit Na+ absorption, but the decrease may result from a fall in the electrochemical gradient for Na+ absorption. We examined regulation of Na+ absorption independent of Cl- secretion, by bathing canine tracheal epithelium in Cl--free, gluconat...

BACKGROUND The use of human acellular dermis (hAD) to close open abdomen in the treatment process of severe peritonitis might be an alternative to standard care. This paper describes an investigation of the effects of fluids simulating an open abdomen environment on the biomechanical properties of Epiflex® a cell-free human dermis transplant. METHODS hAD was incubated in Ringers solution, blo...

Ding dongmerrily on high, goes the famous Christmas carol, but for some of the United Kingdom’s 40 000 campanologists the bells have not been ringing so merrily. Instead, church bell ringers have this year been complaining of a disorder that has been forcing them to abandon their towers and steeples and seek out hypnotherapists and counsellors in search of a cure. Symptoms include vertigo, a se...