In this study we investigated the bronchodilatory and anticholinergic effects of the aqueous extract (AE), brewed extract (BE) and ethanol extract (EE) of Polygonum avicular in comparison with saline (S) on isolated tracheal chains of the guinea pig. Due to the probable confounding effect of ethanol in the EE, the effects of this extract were also compared with 96 % ethanol. None of the plant...

ignoring two main characteristics of the concentration-response data, correlation between observations and presence of outliers, may lead to misleading results. therefore the special method should be considered. in this paper in to examine the effect of phenylephrine in rat corpus cavernosum, outlier robust nonlinear mixed estimation is used. in this study, eight different doses of phenylephrin...

Concentration-response curves (CRCs) are characterized by a midpoint (EC50) and high-concentration asymptote (POmax) that relate to the agonist's affinity efficacy. Recently, third agonist attribute, efficiency, was defined as fraction of ligand binding energy is applied conformational change activates receptor. We show efficiency can be calculated from EC50 POmax estimate its value for 17 agon...

the present study was conducted in the rangeland of glandrood watershed in the province of mazandaran. the objective of this study was to compare between the ecological amplitude of festuca ovina l., and poa bulbosa l., using the function hof along the gradient of the environmental variables. for this purpose 150 plots of 1m2 were established along the altitude gradient. the sampling method was...