This research was conducted in order to investigate the effect of chemical and biological processing on the chemical composition, gas production parameters and in vitro digestibility of Cicer arietinum wastes in a completely randomized design (7 treatments and 3 replicates). Treatments were: unprocessed Cicer arietinum wastes (control) and processed with water (2.5 liter/kg DM), sodium hydroxid...

with the introduction of communicative language teaching, a large number of studies have concerned with students’ oral participation in language classrooms. although the importance of classroom participation is evident, some language learners are unwilling to engage in oral activities. this passivity and unwillingness to participate in language classroom discussions is known as “reticence”. rev...

Different land uses have various effects on the changes of soil properties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of natural forest, needle-leaved plantation and rangelands of central Alborz on new indices of soil quality (i.e. organic matter stratification, carbon management index and soil biological activities). For this purpose, eight samples from organic layer (litter) and m...

chapter two presents three m-admissible function algebras ab, bd, and sl, to construct the universal abelian, band, and semilattice compactifications, respectively. the main results are (11.3), (12.3), and (12.4). some inclusion relationships between these function algebras and the other well-known ones, presented in section 8, are made via the devico of compactifications. chpter three is about...

Organic carbon pools and carbon lability directly affect soil biological, physical and chemical characteristics. Besides, capacity of self-organization of soil is related to the organic carbon pools. Sand size fraction (> 50 µm) organic matter is more labile than silt+clay size fraction organic matter. Assessment of this organic carbon variation can be a suitable index to determine soil quality...

Due to the extensive area and biodiversity, rangelands contribute to meeting the nutritional requirements of grazing livestock; Therefore, a study was conducted to investigate the nutritional value of four range species including Malcolmia africana, Plantago lanceolata, Phlomis cancellata, and Klasea latifolia in the mountainous rangelands of Torbat-e Jam. The sampling of plants was randomly do...

Evaluation of chemical and biological indicators of soil in different land uses could be helpful in sustainable range management, preventing degradation of soil quality trend. This study was conducted in Friedan in Isfahan province in 2010 to compare chemical and biological indicators in three land uses (rangeland, degraded dry land and dry land), during two growing seasons (May and September) ...