--First, it was pointed out in this paper that there exists a hierarchical organization of entity to be represented by the neural networks. This hierarchical organization leads to four levels of correspondences between the entity, patterns, elements, items and the units. Then we classified representations further into more detailed categories from two viewpoints. From the correspondence viewpoi...

In Verbal Behavior (1957) B. F. Skinner identified and named five elementary verbal relations: mand, tact, intraverbal, textual and echoic. Because of their etymological commitment to visual and auditory stimuli respectively, the last two categories do not function well as general categories. Adding two more general categories, codic and duplic, to the first three results in a set of five mutua...

Despite recent advances in molecular biology and genetics, the mysteries that control human lifespan are yet to be unraveled. Many theories, which fall into two main categories: programmed and error theories, have been proposed to explain the process of aging, but neither of them appears to be fully satisfactory. These theories may interact with each other in a complex way. By understanding and...

It is common to group theories of well-being into the following three categories: hedonism (the view that pleasure is the sole prudential good; pain the sole bad), desire-satisfactionism (a wide swath of views that claim, roughly speaking, that a person’s welfare depends on the satisfaction of her desires), and the objective-list (the view that prudential value is independent of an agent’s pro-...

This paper proposes that the lack of a theoretical framework able to address policy issues on the firm as well as the industry level in an integrated manner contributes to a failure of developing effective e-commerce policies. Specifically, theoretical approaches fall into the two broad categories of market and organization theory with a gaping chasm in between. We elaborate on our proposition ...

in many structures, the applied lateral loads are comparable with gravity loads. these types of piles which are subject to high lateral load are usually divided into two categories including long and short piles. the general methods to estimate lateral bearing capacity of short and long piles are based on ultimate bearing capacity and allowable horizontal displacement respectively. in the prese...