The principle of laser action was first experimentally demonstrated in 1960 by T. Maiman (Maiman, 1960). This first system was a solid-state laser in which a ruby crystal and a flashlamp served as gain medium and pump source, respectively. Soon after this first laser experiment, it was realized that solid-state lasers are highly attractive sources for various scientific and industrial applicati...

Recent studies showed that remote sensing (RS) is an effective, efficient and reliable technique used in almost all the areas of earth sciences. Remote sensing as being a technique started with aerial photographs and then developed employing the multi-spectral satellite images. Nowadays, it benefits from hyper-spectral, RADAR and LIDAR data as well. This potential has widen its applicability in...

124 Background The remote identification of the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols and clouds is useful for the study of acid rain and for developing global climate models. In addition, the remote sensing for atmospheric microparticles such as saltwater aerosols is desirable to solve the corrosion problem of buildings, such as electrical power plants, by sea salts. However, a technolo...

We have developed a two-dimensional (2D) model for inhomogeneous cirrus clouds in plane-parallel and spherical geometries for the analysis of the transmission and backscattering of high-energy laser beams. The 2D extinction-coefficient and mean effective ice-crystal size fields for cirrus clouds can be determined from a combination of the remote sensing of cirrus clouds by use of the Advanced V...

man has always been curious about his natural environmental, and has always been trying to know it more. to do this, he has employed many different ways and has used different information. in the meantime, he has examined nature phenomena indirectly and using remote sensing. today, expert and groups of experts are using remote sensing documents and this has caused them to believe that remote se...

The effect of a continuous-wave (cw) laser based anemometer's probe volume on the measurement of wind turbulence is studied in this paper. Wind speed time series acquired by both a remote sensing cw laser anemometer, whose line-of-sight was aligned with the wind direction, and by a reference sensor (sonic anemometer) located in the same direction, were used. The spectral transfer function, whic...

Laser rangefinders and laser scanners are widely used for industrial purposes and for remote sensing. In agriculture information about crop parameters like volume, height, and density can support the optimisation of production processes. In scientific papers the measurement of these parameters by low cost laser rangefinders with one echo has been presented for short ranges. Because the cross se...

Diode-pumped solid-state lasers (DPSSLs) with high power and good output beam quality are widely used in material processing, communication, remote sensing, and medical treatment. A preferable diode-pumped solid-state laser has the characteristics, such as high efficiency, long lifetime, high reliability, compact size and flexibility. Planar waveguide lasers can be formed by transition metal di...

We report, for what we believe to be the first time, on remote imaging laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Measurements have been performed by using a tripled Nd:YAG laser working at 355 nm with 170 mJ pulse energy, with an expanded beam that is focused onto a target at 60 m distance. The LIBS signal is detected by using an on-axis Newtonian telescope and an optical multichannel analyz...

Soil is one of the most important natural resources covering a large area of the land surface. Soil plays a vital role in biosphere processes, such as energy balance, hydrology, biochemistry, and biological productivity. It supports plants that supply foods, fibers, drugs, and some other human needs. Conversely, desert regions include about one third of earth lands and these regions have increa...