Distributed-memory multiprocessor architecture is essential in developing massively parallel machines. One of the most important design issues in such a distributed-memory multiprocessor architecture is a latency problem which is caused by remote procedure invocation and remote memory access. Remote memory access and remote procedure invocation occur so often in massively parallel execution, an...

The increasing use of high-bandwidth and low-latency networks make possible the use of remote (network) memory as an alternative to disk means of storing an application’s data, because remote-to-local memory transfers over a modern interconnection network are faster than traditional disk-to-memory transfers. In this paper we explore the possibility of using the remote memory as (i) a (fastertha...

Traditionally, remote memory accesses in cluster systems are very expensive operations, which perform 20-100 times slower than local memory accesses. Modern RDMA capable networks such as InfiniBand and Quadrics provide low latency of a few microseconds and high bandwidth of up to 10 Gbps. This has made remote memory much closer to the local memory system. Using remote idle memory to enhance loc...

Although the molecular, cellular, and systems mechanisms required for initial memory processing have been intensively investigated, those underlying permanent memory storage remain elusive. We present neuroanatomical, pharmacological, and genetic results demonstrating that the anterior cingulate cortex plays a critical role in remote memory for contextual fear conditioning. Imaging of activity-...

Objective(s): Behavioral and neuroimaging studies have shown that transcranial direct current stimulation, as a non-invasive neuromodulatory technique, beyond regional effects can modify functionally interconnected remote cortical and subcortical areas. In this study, we hypothesized that the induced changes in cortical excitability following the application of cathodal or anodal tDCS over the ...

Much controversy exists regarding the role of the hippocampus in retrieval. The two dominant and competing accounts have been the Standard Model of Systems Consolidation (SMSC) and Multiple Trace Theory (MTT), which specifically make opposing predictions as to the necessity of the hippocampus for retrieval of remote memories. Under SMSC, memories eventually become independent of the hippocampus...

The hippocampus is crucial for spatial memory formation, yet it does not store long-lasting memories. By combining functional brain imaging and region-specific neuronal inactivation in mice, we identified prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices as critical for storage and retrieval of remote spatial memories [correction]. Imaging of activity-dependent genes also revealed an involvement of pa...

Previous studies have revealed that the initial stages of memory formation require several genes involved in synaptic, transcriptional and translational mechanisms. In contrast, very little is known about the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying later stages of memory, including remote memory (i.e. 7-day memory). To identify genes required for remote memory, we screened randomly selecte...

Retrieval of remote memory is considered to differentially involve the anterior and posterior temporal neocortices. Previous neuropsychological studies suggest that the different posterior temporal cortical regions are involved in the retrieval of remote memory of different categories of stimuli, whereas the anterior region is involved more generally in remote memory retrieval. In the present s...

The hippocampus has long been implicated in supporting autobiographical memories, but little is known about how they are instantiated in hippocampal subfields. Using high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) combined with multivoxel pattern analysis we found that it was possible to detect representations of specific autobiographical memories in individual hippocampal subfield...