Crossovers ensure the accurate segregation of homologous chromosomes from one another during meiosis. Here, we describe the identity and function of the Drosophila melanogaster gene recombination defective (rec), which is required for most meiotic crossing over. We show that rec encodes a member of the mini-chromosome maintenance (MCM) protein family. Six MCM proteins (MCM2-7) are essential for...

Swine influenza was first recognized as a disease entity during the 1918 "Spanish flu" pandemic. The aim of this work was to determine the virulence of a plasmid-derived human 1918 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus (reconstructed 1918, or 1918/rec, virus) in swine using a plasmid-derived A/swine/Iowa/15/1930 H1N1 virus (1930/rec virus), representing the first isolated influenza virus, as a referenc...

Many program analyses need to reason about pairs of matching actions, such as call/return, lock/unlock, or set-field/get-field. The family Dyck languages { D k }, where has kinds parenthesis pairs, can be used model actions balanced parentheses. Consequently, many program-analysis problems formulated Dyck-reachability on edge-labeled digraphs. Interleaved (InterDyck-reachability), denoted by ⊙ ...

Many program-analysis problems can be formulated as graph-reachability problems. Interleaved Dyck language reachability ( InterDyck -reachability) is a fundamental framework to express wide variety of over edge-labeled graphs. The represents an intersection multiple matched-parenthesis languages (i.e., languages). In practice, program analyses typically leverage one achieve context-sensitivity,...

In this study, a novel flocculant was prepared by an inorganic polymetric flocculant (IPF) polysilicate ferroaluminum sulfate (PSFA) and rectorite (REC). The structure of the PSFA-REC composite was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD), in order to determine the optimal temperature. The flocculation test was made at 25 , 45 and 65 , the res...

Chip-firing and rotor-routing are two well-studied examples of abelian networks. We study the complexity their respective reachability problems. show that problem is decidable in polynomial time, we give a simple characterization when chip-and-rotor configuration reachable from another one. For chip-firing, it has been known P if have class graphs whose period length (for example, Eulerian digr...

RecA protein promotes a substantial DNA strand exchange reaction in the presence of adenosine 5'-O-3-(thio)triphosphate (ATP gamma S) (Menetski et al., 1990), calling into question the role of ATP hydrolysis in this reaction. We demonstrate here that the ATP gamma S-mediated process is restricted to homologous strand exchange reactions involving three strands. In four-strand exchanges between a...

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalyzes the dismutation of the biologically toxic superoxide anion into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide and is deployed by the immune system to kill invading microorganisms. Extracellular SOD (EC-SOD) is a copper- and zinc-containing glycoprotein found predominantly in the soluble extracellular compartment that consists of approximately 30-kDa subunits. Here, we purifi...

The objective of this study was to determine copy number variant (CNV) and promoter genetic variants in glutathione S-transferase Mu class 1 (GSTM1) and the risk of recurrence (REC)/second primary tumor (SPT) in patients with previously diagnosed early stage head and neck cancer. Among 441 subjects, 133 experienced REC and/or an SPT, while 308 had single primary disease. TaqMan real-time polyme...