The disinfection of cooling towers based on manufacturers' treatment protocols, as employed in units installed at various public gathering places in Dallas, Tex. (hotels, municipal auditorium), and at the city health department, was evaluated for effectiveness in controlling Legionella pneumophila and compared with previous laboratory studies. In specimens collected in September and December, 1...

Bioaerosols from cooling towers are often suspected to cause community-acquired legionellosis outbreaks. Although Legionella infections can mostly be assigned to the emission sources, uncertainty exists about the release and distribution into the air, the occurrence of the respirable virulent form and the level of the infective concentration. Our study aimed to evaluate studies on legionellosis...

During the winter of 1975-1976, snowfall from the plumes of large natural-draft cooling towers of power plants has been observed. Snow accumulations up to 2.5 centimeters have been found on the ground at extended distances from the cooling towers, and visibility has been restricted to less than 1600 meters in the tower plume near ground level.

At the ENEA TRIGA research reactor (Casaccia Research Center, Rome), a new neutron collimator has been designed and installed at the neutron tangential channel. This collimator, that is part of a neutron/X-ray facility for NDT analysis, was experimentally characterized and optimized in terms of thermal neutron flux, its spatial/energetic distribution, photon air KERMA and effective beam diamete...

The incidence of Legionnaires' disease in the United States has been increasing since 2000. Outbreaks and clusters are associated with decorative, recreational, domestic, and industrial water systems, with the largest outbreaks being caused by cooling towers. Since 2006, 6 community-associated Legionnaires' disease outbreaks have occurred in New York City, resulting in 213 cases and 18 deaths. ...

Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, is known to colonise and frequently grow in cooling tower waters. Disease is acquired by inhaling aerosol contaminated by legionellae. Determination of the count of Legionella pneumophila in cooling tower waters may, therefore, be useful for risk assessment. In our survey, 103 water samples from 50 cooling towers were examine...

Hyperbolic cooling towers are large thin shell reinforced concrete structures that used to remove the heat from wastewater and transfer it atmosphere using process of evaporation. During its long service life, a tower can experience damage due temperature variations, environmental degradation, or random actions such as impacts earthquakes. Such develop over time result in sudden collapse tower....

There have been several cases of large cooling towers being damaged by wind in history. A typhoon has the characteristics a strong field energy and shear speed. This paper simulates entire collapse process hyperbolic action typhoons refines typhoon-induced failure mechanism for towers. Firstly, based on WRF-CFD downscaling technology, fine simulation near-ground multiscale produced China’s stro...

Large-scale U.S. dependence on thermoelectric (steam electric) generation requiring water for cooling underscores the need to understand controls on this water use. The study objective was to quantify water consumption and withdrawal for thermoelectric generation, identifying controls, using Texas as a case study. Water consumption for thermoelectricity in Texas in 2010 totaled ∼0.43 million ac...