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Abstract Attacks that exploit memory errors are still a serious problem. We present data randomization, a new technique that provides probabilistic protection against these attacks by xoring data with random masks. Data randomization uses static analysis to partition instruction operands into equivalence classes: it places two operands in the same class if they may refer to the same object in a...

In a randomized clinical trial, study participants are assigned to various treatment arms through randomization. This random allocation of participants to treatment arms decreases bias and controls for numerous confounders (1). A common type of randomization is simple randomization, where each participant is randomly assigned to a treatment arm with a known (usually equal) probability, regardle...

Randomizing patients among treatments with equal probabilities in clinical trials is the established method to obtain unbiased comparisons. In recent years, motivated by ethical considerations, many authors have proposed outcome adaptive randomization, wherein the randomization probabilities are unbalanced, based on interim data, to favor treatment arms having more favorable outcomes. While the...