The introduction of fuzzy logic into expert systems is an approach that allows expert systems to deal with real-world aspects that cannot be modeled accurately with classical crisp logic. An example is the formation of human opinions that are not always crisp with respect to the membership of a certain element in a set. In addition, the Delphi method is a technique for forming a stable consensu...

In modeling Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) problem, we usually assume that the decision maker is able to elicitate his preferences with precision and without difficulty. However, in many situations, the expert is unable to provide his assessment with certainty or he is unwilling to quantify his preferences. To deal with such situations, a new MCDM model under uncertainty is introduced. I...

language teacher assessment, like many aspects of second language teacher education, is changing. to understand factors that are driving the change, such as work of teaching generally, language teaching in particular, and the role of teachers’ knowledge in teaching, this study examined language teacher assessment schemes across the globe. the aim was to arrive at a set of shared beliefs, attitu...

12 A case is made for a wider perspective on expert opinion in environmental modelling on the basis of the 13 inevitable, though frequently informal, role of expert opinion in any model, the increasing number of models 14 incorporating expert opinion formally, and the substantive value of non-scientific knowledge for modelling. 15 Based on an extensive literature review, the paper exposes infor...

We evaluate the success of the qualitative physics enterprise in automating expert reasoning about physical systems. The eld has agreed, in essentials, upon a modeling language for dynamical systems, a representation for behavior, and an analysis method. The modeling language consists of generalized ordinary diierential equations containing unspeciied constants and monotonic functions; the beha...

this research evaluated the effects of onion curing methods on the qualitative traits of iranian onion cultivars (azarshahr red, neishabour red, kashan white, qom white). testing was carried out in the autumn and winter of 2007. the experimental design was factorial with two factors and three replicates. the factors were traditional and sunlight curing methods at 42°c for 12 hr for 48°c for 4 h...

Inclusive education is a form of in which individuals with any disabilities receive together their peers. The people special classrooms by expert teachers has begun to be conducted as inclusive normal non-expert teachers. Senior class pre-service take the course faculty and also primary school ınclusive addition this course. aim research determine opinions who courses about adequacy practices t...

Frequently expert systems are being developed to operate in dynamic environments where they must reason about time-varying information and generate hypotheses, conclusions, and process inputs that can drastically influence the environment within which they operate. For instance, expert systems used for fault diagnosis and fault accomodation in nuclear power plants reason over sensor data and op...