Abstract. The current system of stellar magnitudes first introduced by Hipparchus was strictly defined by Norman Robert Pogson in 1856. He based his system on Ptolemy’s star catalogue ‘Almagest’, recorded in about 137 A.D., and defined the magnitude-intensity relationship on a logarithmic scale. Stellar magnitudes observed with the naked eye recorded in seven old star catalogues were analyzed i...

Abstract The current system of stellar magnitudes first introduced by Hipparchus was strictly defined by Norman Robert Pogson in 1856. He based his system on Ptolemy’s star catalogue ‘Almagest’, recorded in about 137 A.D., and defined the magnitude-intensity relationship on a logarithmic scale. Stellar magnitudes observed with the naked eye recorded in seven old star catalogues were analyzed in...

The present article gives an overview on the development of measurement and practical acquisition circle section dimensions since late 3rd millennium BC. In key points, prerequisites implementation for celestial observations over approx. 1500 years up to 8th century BC are collected analyzed, in terms their logical requirements connected archaeological findings. A comprehensible unambiguous cal...

Since primeval times, mankind has attempted to explain natural phenomena using models. For the past four decades, a new kind of modeler, the healthcare informatician, has developed and proliferated a new kind of model, the Clinical Diagnostic Decision Support System (DDSS). Modeling historically was, and still remains, an inexact science. Ptolemy, in the “Almagest,” placed the earth at the cent...

the arguments for the immobility and centricity of the earth in the islamic astronomical literature are mostly found in the hayʾa books. the reason is that these books treat of mathematical cosmology on the basis of solid spheres and the earth's position with respect to them. these arguments, which are rooted in ptolemy's almagest, are based on observation and some pre-suppositions. i...