In the past decade there has been a dramatic increase in the number of Americans considered obese. Over this same period, the number of individuals diagnosed with diabetes has increased by over 40%. Interestingly, in a great number of cases individuals considered obese develop diabetes later on. Although a link between obesity and diabetes has been suggested, conclusive scientific evidence is t...

Antibody microarrays have emerged as an important tool within proteomics, enabling multiplexed protein expression profiling in both health and disease. The design and performance of antibody microarrays and how they are processed are dependent on several factors, of which the interplay between the antibodies and the solid surfaces plays a central role. In this study, we have taken on the first ...

Children with renal disease have tremendous potential for recovery, particularly when disease processes are detected early in the disease course. However, invasive diagnostic maneuvers can be challenging, especially in younger children who may require general anesthesia. Urine proteomics technologies present an opportunity to discover noninvasive yet informative diagnostic and prognostic marker...

Modern high-throughput methods allow the investigation of biological functions across multiple 'omics' levels. Levels include mRNA and protein expression profiling as well as additional knowledge on, for example, DNA methylation and microRNA regulation. The reason for this interest in multi-omics is that actual cellular responses to different conditions are best explained mechanistically when t...

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Introduction: Amajor problem in the treatment of cancer is the lack of an appropriate method for the early diagnosis of the disease. The chemical reaction within an organ may be reflected in the form of proteomic patterns in the serum, sputum, or urine. Laser mass spectrometry is a valuable tool for extracting the proteomic patterns from biological samples. A major challenge in extracting such ...

The recent dramatic improvements in high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) have revolutionized the speed and scope of proteomic studies. Conventional MS-based proteomics methodologies allow global protein profiling based on expression levels. Although these techniques are promising, there are numerous biological activities yet to be unveiled, such as the dynamic regulation of enzyme activity. C...

Recently, the concept of a "Proteomic Constraint" was introduced to explain the frequency of genetic code deviations in mitochondrial genomes. The Proteomic Constraint was proposed to be proportional to the size of the mitochondrially encoded proteome, hence small proteomes are expected to experience smaller total numbers of errors resulting from genetic code deviations, leading to less likelih...

Shotgun proteomic methods involving isobaric tagging of peptides enable high-throughput proteomic analysis. iTRAQ reagents allow simultaneous identification and quantitation of proteins in four different samples using tandem mass spectrometry (MS). In this article, we provide a brief description of proteome analysis using iTRAQ reagents and review the current applications of these reagents in p...

Gel-free proteomics has emerged as a complement to conventional gel-based proteomics. Gel-free approaches focus on peptide or protein fractionation, but they do not address the efficiency of protein processing. We report the development of a microfluidic proteomic reactor that greatly simplifies the processing of complex proteomic samples by combining multiple proteomic steps. Rapid extraction ...