Abstract I distinguish between two concepts of effort, E-effort and T-effort. is the familiar one, which focuses on experiential qualities making an effort (such energy time we put into making, or hardship endure). Teleological (or T-effort) motivated active focus intended purpose goal ; aim to do what it takes reach target effort. When make a T-effort concentrate best way getting where want be...

Due to the hugely populated world, recycling of used products has become most significant perspective in e-commerce. The scientists have been exploring how increases degree recyclability and green innovation level. This paper considers a supply chain with manufacturer, retailer, supplier, collector. manufacturer can increase or decrease level by changing quality raw materials. He sells them thr...

Many manufacturers sell products of differential quality to retailers or directly consumers, and the might promote high- low-quality products. Given different channel structures, how can supply chain be optimized? We developed a game-theoretic framework with manufacturer retailer as leader follower, respectively, makes promotional effort. examined effects product quality, effort, hybrid channel...

The sustainable EPQ models that have been proposed in the inventory literature are insufficient to address practical scenario of defects manufacturing and subsequent rework for remedial actions. In this article, model with faulty products has studied. Promotional activities key factors significantly affect market demand an item. impacts random combining economic environmental elements on order ...