This paper proposes a particle swarm optimization (PSO) method for solving the economic dispatch (ED) problem in power systems. Many nonlinear characteristics of the generator, such as ramp rate limits, prohibited operating zone, and nonsmooth cost functions are considered using the proposed method in practical generator operation. The feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated for thre...

Abstract: The economic dispatch has the objective of generation allocation to the power generators in such a way that the total fuel cost is minimized while all operating constraints are satisfied. The schematic methods assume the cost curves of generators are linear but in case of modern generators this assumption makes inaccuracy in economic dispatch because of valve point loading effect, pro...

economic dispatch with valve point effect and prohibited operating zones (pozs) is a non-convex and discontinuous optimization problem. harmony search (hs) is one of the recently presented meta-heuristic algorithms for solving optimization problems, which has different variants. the performances of these variants are severely affected by selection of different parameters of the algorithm. intel...

This paper proposes a new multi-objective based adaptive immune algorithm for solving the combined economic and environmental dispatch problem. Economic dispatch problem deals with the minimization of fuel cost while satisfying a set of equality and inequality constraints. The fossil fuel plants pollute the environment by emitting some toxic gases. Therefore, the traditional minimization of cos...

Economic load dispatch is to operate thermal generators economically with fulfilling demand. This economic problem becomes highly complex and non-linear after considering various operating constraints like valve-point loading effect, generator constraints, prohibited zone. The recently developed physics law-based artificial electric field algorithm has been applied solve ELD problems. explorati...

Economic load dispatch (ELD) is one of the most important optimization problems in the modern power system. The introduction of non-convex, non-differentiable and non-continuous models like valve point loading (VPL) and prohibited operating zone (POZ) makes the conventional ELD problem to a highly non-linear constrained problem which makes the conventional method to stick to local optima. In th...

The Strength Pareto Gravitational Search Algorithm (SPGSA) to solve Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) is presents this paper with various generator constraints in power systems. The ELD problem in a power system is to determine the optimal combination of power outputs for all generating units which will minimize the total fuel cost while satisfying all practical constraints. For practical generator ...

Several attacks against physical pin-tumbler locks require access to one or more key blanks to perform. These attacks include bumping, impressioning, rightsamplification, and teleduplication. To mitigate these attacks, many lock systems rely on restricted keyways and use blanks that are not sold to the general public, making it harder for attackers to obtain them. Often the key blank designs th...