Status of This Memo This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Abstract This document provides an applicability statement on the use of Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS) protocols and mechanisms to support Basic Mode Layer 1 Virtual Private Networks (L1VPNs). L1VPNs prov...

This study analyzes the effect of the presence of Wal-Mart Supercenters on the prices at conventional supermarkets in Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. Using price indexes constructed from primary price data on a basket of 54 goods and holding several demographics and market conditions constant, we determine that Supercenters result in a 7.79% average price reduction in national bra...

We examine the extent to which vertical and horizontal market structure can together explain incomplete retail pass-through. To answer this question, we use scanner data from a large U.S. retailer to estimate product level pass-through for three different vertical structures: national brands, private label goods not manufactured by the retailer and private label goods manufactured by the retail...

The purpose of this study was to prove the effect Store Image, Price Consciousness, and Quality Variations Repurchase on Private Label, samples were taken using convenience sampling 179 respondents data collection a questionnaire which conducted at Superindo Cinere West Java Indonesia where all obtained instruments valid, with multiple regression results that there is significant variation betw...

This paper describes an efficient way to implement managed bandwidth services. The proposed solution is based on MPLS technology and especially with the creation of virtual private networks. The virtual private networks will be layer 3 VPNs (IP VPNs) and are described all the mechanisms and the MPLS features that are necessary for the MBS service implementation. The paper also describes how the...

Public provision of a private goods is justified on efficiency grounds in a modelwith no redistributive preferences. A government’s involvement in the provision of a private good generates information about preferences that facilitatesmore efficient revenue extraction for the provision of public goods. Public provision of the private good improves economic efficiency under a condition that is a...

The term “private” in virtual private network is sometimes taken for granted, and people can be too distracted by the “virtual” and “network” to really consider what is meant by “private.” In this paper, we consider the issues and meanings of the term private, and look at these issues with respect to two of the dominant VPN technologies, IPsec and MPLS.