Background Calls for evidence-informed public health policy, with implicit promises of greater program effectiveness, have intensified recently. The methods to produce such policies are not self-evident, requiring a conciliation of values and norms between policy-makers and evidence producers. In particular, the translation of uncertainty from empirical research findings, particularly issues of...

How the probands are recruited also can affect the quality of a study’s conclusions. One potential source of bias is the influence of environmental factors on the selection of proband adoptees in the adoptees’ family method. For example, psychological or social problems in an adoptive family may contribute to the adoptee’s psychopathology. Simultaneously, these problems may prompt the family an...

The concept of generalizability is not homogeneous and monolithic, but can be analyzed into four types: the generalizability of a theory to different settings, the generalizability of a theory within a setting, the generalizability of a measurement or observation, and the generalizability of a variable, construct, or other concept. In this study, we affirm the legitimacy of the statistical, sam...

the rapid and intensive progress in science and technology in the world, despite its abundant advantages and gifts of welfare and comfort for the mankind, in many ways, it has pushed human security to face grave tragic events. to give an example, the progress in chemistry before the great war, made it possible to produce and use toxic gases including phosgene gas causing enormous deaths of both...