Shoot branching is a primary contributor to plant architecture, evolving independently in flowering plant sporophytes and moss gametophytes. Mechanistic understanding of branching is largely limited to flowering plants such as Arabidopsis, which have a recent evolutionary origin. We show that in gametophytic shoots of Physcomitrella, lateral branches arise by re-specification of epidermal cells...

The mammalian lung develops through branching morphogenesis. Two primary forms of branching, which occur in order, in the lung have been identified: tip bifurcation and side branching. However, the mechanisms of lung branching morphogenesis remain to be explored. In our previous study, a biological mechanism was presented for lung branching pattern formation through a branching model. Here, we ...

In 1991 Perkins [7] showed that the normalized critical binary branching process is a time inhomogeneous Fleming-Viot process. In the present paper we extend this result to jump-type branching processes and we show that the normalized jump-type branching processes are in a new class of probability measure-valued processes which will be called “jump-type Fleming-Viot processes”. Furthermore we a...

Spatiotemporal regulation of axonal branching and elongation is essential in the development of refined neural circuits. cAMP is a key regulator of axonal growth; however, whether and how intracellular cAMP regulates axonal branching and elongation remain unclear, mainly because tools to spatiotemporally manipulate intracellular cAMP levels have been lacking. To overcome this issue, we utilized...

During the process of branching morphogenesis, the mammary gland undergoes distinct phases of remodeling to form an elaborate ductal network that ultimately produces and delivers milk to newborn animals. These developmental events rely on tight regulation of critical cellular pathways, many of which are probably disrupted during initiation and progression of breast cancer. Transgenic mouse and ...

Internal iliac artery (IIA) shows frequent variations in its branching pattern. We saw variations in the branching pattern of right IIA in a male cadaver. The IIA divided into anterior and posterior divisions. The branches of the anterior division included umbilical artery, inferior vesical artery, obturator artery. The other branches arose from posterior trunk such as iliolumbar, lateral s...

Cell adhesion is tightly controlled in multicellular organisms, for example, through proteolytic ectodomain shedding of the adhesion-mediating cell surface transmembrane proteins. In brain, proteins required nervous system development and function, but only a few has been studied detail mammalian brain. One such protein endoglycan (PODXL2), which belongs to CD34-family highly glycosylated sialo...

A general multi-type branching process where new individuals immigrate according to some point process is considered. An intrinsic submartingale is defined and a convergence result for processes counted with random characteristics is obtained. Some examples are given. GENERAL BRANCHING PROCESS; MULTI-TYPE; IMMIGRATION AMS 1991 SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION: PRIMARY 60180