In this second part of the series, an overview of applications of polarimetric radar observations is given. This includes a summary of improvements to data quality, and interpretation of signatures and output of algorithms for observations made in warmand cold-season precipitation. Examples of operational products include hydrometeor classification, hail detection and sizing, and quantitative p...

The accuracy of synoptic-based weather forecasting deteriorates rapidly after five days and is not routinely available beyond 10 days. Conversely, climate forecasts are generally not feasible for periods of less than 3 months, resulting in a weather-climate gap. The tropical atmospheric phenomenon known as the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) has a return interval of 30 to 80 days that might par...

Highly resolved precipitation forecasts are necessary in many applications, especially in mountain meteorology and flash flood forecasts for smallto medium-sized alpine watersheds. Here we present precipitation forecasts simulated by the limited area model ALADIN applying different grid resolutions (1x = 10 km and 4 km). Target area of the investigations is the Alpine Ticino-Verzasca-Maggia wat...

Precipitation estimates derived from the Eta model and from TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) and CHIRPS (Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data) remotely sensed data were compared to the precipitation data of the INMET (National Institute of Meteorology) meteorological stations in the south-southeast region of Minas Gerais state, Brazil, in the period between J...

This study reports a multi-year (2000-2009) aerosol characterization for metropolitan Tehran and surrounding areas using multiple datasets (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR), Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), Goddard Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART), and surface and upper air data from local station...

This COMET proposal describes a two-year project, beginning on 6/1/00, that will create, evaluate, and implement the first precipitation-type probabilistic forecast system, using ensemble forecasting and consensus forecasting concepts, at the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center (HPC) and the Storm Prediction Center (SPC). The research component of this project will evaluate the quality of var...

1. Evaluation of the meteorology: The largest concern I have with this manuscript is the lack of meteorological evaluation. The authors use two different particle dispersion models (FLEXPART & HySplit) but both are driven by the same meteorology (GFS at 0.5 ◦ × 0.5 ◦ resolution). Obviously, if the meteorology is incorrect then the authors will obtain erroneous results. Surely there are observat...

Wildland fires in Southern California can be divided into two categories: fall fires, which are typically driven by strong offshore Santa Ana winds, and summer fires, which occur with comparatively weak onshore winds and hot and dry weather. Both types of fire contribute significantly to annual burned area and economic loss. An improved understanding of the relationship between Southern Califor...

At present, most of the precipitation’s level predictions use the laws of nature to build the mathematical model which contains one or more series level to carry out the numerical simulation, as thus to analyze the causes and consequences of the evolution. Bayesian model is one kind of the foregoing said. In the Bayesian classification model, Naive Bayes model is known for its stability and eas...

6 The England and Wales Precipitation (EWP) dataset is a homogeneous time series of 7 daily accumulations from 1931 to 2014, composed from rain gauge observations spanning 8 the region. The daily precipitation statistics are shown to be well described by a Weibull 9 distribution, which is used to define extremes in terms of percentiles. Computed trends in 10 annual and seasonal precipitation ar...