As Clifford Geertz remarked in his Islam Observed (1968), the idea of a ‘changing’ religion is a contradiction in terms, as religion is fundamentally concerned with what is permanent and eternal. Still, one way to come to terms with religious change is to consider the many ways that religion is interpreted, by laymen and scholars alike. Social anthropologists like myself have naturally found a ...

subject and its attitudes – which precedence and subservience – are the issues of very important in semantics that manifests in different forms such as subject, character and something similar. subject's rank is precedence; because its reason is the first thing comes to mind. different motivations cause subject's precedence which the present study surveys them by expressive – analytic...

Interval and proper interval graphs are very well-known graph classes, for which there is a wide literature. As consequence, some generalizations of have been proposed, in general expressed terms $k$ graphs, by splitting the special way. recent example such an approach, classes $k$-thin introduced generalizing respectively. The complexity recognition each these still open, even fixed $k \geq 2$...

Recently, a number of methods have been proposed to improve image retrieval accuracy by capturing context information. These methods try to compensate for the fact that a visually less similar image might be more relevant because it depicts the same object. We propose a new quick method for refining any pairwise distance metric, it works by iteratively discovering the object in the image from t...

this paper presented a mixed integer programming for integrated scheduling and process planning. the presented process plan included some orders with precedence relations similar to multiple traveling salesman problem (mtsp), which was categorized as an np-hard problem. these types of problems are also called advanced planning because of simultaneously determining the appropriate sequence and m...

Precedence constrained sequencing problem (PCSP) is related to locate the optimal sequence with the shortest traveling time among all feasible sequences. In PCSP, precedence relations determine sequence of traveling between any two nodes. Various methods and algorithms for effectively solving the PCSP have been suggested. In this paper we propose a cuckoo search algorithm (CSA) for effectively ...

Xenophobia is on the rise in Europe; and the ten million Muslims living there are often its targets. This paper contends that the fear and anxiety Westerners exhibit toward Muslims stem ultimately from a fear and anxiety regarding ourselves and our beliefs. I argue that the perceived standoff with Muslims causes us to doubt the sincerity and superiority of our own convictions. The latter are pr...

The discussion of identity within Islamic archaeology is rare, and it is often treated as a given, as if Islam was a monolithic category, when in reality it is composed of a variety of identity variables, such as those revolving around sectarian affiliation, ethnicity or gender for example. Ideally, Islam should be structured by ‘emphatic ideological denial of the primacy of ethnic identity (an...