The Parallelizing Preprocessor is being developed at the Forecast Systems Laboratory (FSL) to simplify the process of parallelizing operational weather prediction models for Massively Parallel Processors (MPPs). PPP, a component of FSL's Scalable Modeling System, is a Fortran 77 text analysis and translation tool. PPP directives, implemented as Fortran comments, are inserted into the source cod...

Precise Point Positioning (PPP) has become a very hot topic in GNSS research and applications. However, it usually takes about several tens of minutes in order to obtain positions with better than 10 cm accuracy. This prevents PPP from being widely used in real-time kinematic positioning services, therefore, a large effort has been made to tackle the convergence problem. One of the recent appro...

Precise Point Positioning (PPP) technique enables stand-alone receivers to obtain cm-level positioning accuracy. Observations from multi-GNSS systems can augment users with improved positioning accuracy, reliability and availability. In this paper, we present and evaluate the GPS/BDS combined PPP models, including the traditional model and a simplified model, where the inter-system bias (ISB) i...

Most of the international asset pricing models are developed in the situation where purchasing power parity (PPP) is not respected.Investors of different countries do not agree on expected security returns. However, in this case, an equilibrium on the international assets market may exist but not on the international goods market. Our purpose in this paper is to give conditions under which we h...

As Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals travel through the troposphere, a tropospheric delay occurs due to a change in the refractive index of the medium. The Precise Point Positioning (PPP) technique can achieve centimeter/millimeter positioning accuracy with only one GNSS receiver. The Zenith Tropospheric Delay (ZTD) is estimated alongside with the position unknowns in PPP. Estim...

Public-private partnership (PPP) initiatives are extending around the world, especially in Europe, as an innovation to traditional public health systems, with the intention of making them more efficient.There is a varied range of PPP models with different degrees of responsibility from simple public sector contracts with the private, up to the complete privatisation of the service. As such, we ...

Most of the international asset pricing models are developed in the second situation where purchasing power parity (PPP) is not respected.Investors of different countries do not agree on expected security returns. However, in this case, an equilibrium on the international assets market may exist but not on the international goods market. Our purpose in this paper is to give conditions under whi...

Research has demonstrated that receiver clock modeling can reduce the correlation coefficients among the parameters of receiver clock bias, station height and zenith tropospheric delay. This paper introduces the receiver clock modeling to GPS/GLONASS combined precise point positioning (PPP), aiming to better separate the receiver clock bias and station coordinates and therefore improve position...