Global influenza surveillance is one of the most effective strategies for containing outbreaks and preparing for a possible pandemic influenza. Since the end of 2003, highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAI) H5N1 have caused many outbreaks in poultries and wild birds from East Asia and have spread to at least 48 countries. For such a fast and wide-spreading virulent pathogen, prediction...

Laying hens (Gallus gallus) are one of the poultries kept for their eggs. Eggs produced by chickens used as a source human food that contains lot nutrition and is affordable. also contain high levels cholesterol in yolk, so if consumed large quantities, they will pose risk disease. This study aims to determine effect giving probiotics early layer laying hen feed on high-density lipoprotein low-...

Since ochratoxin A (OTA) was discovered, it has been ubiquitous as a natural contaminant of moldy food and feed. The multiple toxic effects of OTA are a real threat for human beings and animal health. For example, OTA can cause porcine nephropathy but can also damage poultries. Humans exposed to OTA can develop (notably by inhalation in the development of acute renal failure within 24 h) a rang...

With the aim of elucidating in greater detail the genealogical origin of the present domestic fowls of the world, we have determined mtDNA sequences of the D-loop regions for a total of 21 birds, of which 12 samples belong to red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) comprising three subspecies (six Gallus gallus gallus, three Gallus gallus spadiceus, and three Gallus gallus bankiva) and nine represent di...

Gastrointestinal tract is one of the organ systems which infected by different pathogenic organisms specifically predilection sites for parasites (helminthes and protozoa) absorb nutrient predispose to another infection. The aim this review was provide an overview published information regarding epidemiology diagnostic approaches chicken helminthes infection coccidiosis. disease main constraint...

this study was aimed to determine abundance and body distribution of prm in laying hens of arak. a total of 1400 laying hens were randomly examined from january to june 2008. of those, 26 (92.86%) layer farms were found to be infested with dermanyssus gallinae (39.3%). there was significant association between prevalence and climatic conditions of the region. the most common predilection site o...

-The highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus (here after H5N1) still produces devastating effects in humans, poultries and wild birds. Migratory birds were thought to play a role in the long-distance spread of H5N1. This study identified 7 high-risk species and 18 potential high-risk species that may transmit H5N1 into Poyang Lake and determined four resident bird species as “bridge specie...

Microbiological contamination in commercial poultry production has caused concerns for human health because of both the presence of pathogenic microorganisms and the increase in antimicrobial resistance in bacterial strains that can cause treatment failure of human infections. The aim of our study was to analyze the profile of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors of E. coli isolates f...

When houseflies find optimal conditions to develop, they rapidly increase their population size negatively impacting both humans and animals through nuisance the transmission of pathogens. Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera: Muscidae) shows a preference for animal faeces this reason it is serious pest in breeding facilities. To prevent proliferation evaluate efficiency control methods, imp...