Stochastic oil spill models have traditionally focussed on the production of statistics for oil on the sea surface and along shorelines. Environmental risk analyses of potential spills therefore have tended to neglect potential risks to organisms in the water column. StatMap fills this void, supplying in addition statistics on the spatial distribution of hydrocarbon concentrations in the water ...

) i t ] is twice the variance of the single interspike intervals [ var( 1 i t   ]. If bursting occurs, successive intervals are no longer independent, and this relation is violated. Thus, the difference between the two variances is a measure for bursting. If we divide this difference by the squared average interspike interval, a normalized burst measure (B) is obtained that is sensitive only ...

Acquiring a good seems to increase its value to the owner, as consumers show reluctance to trade away their possessions for similarly valuable money or other goods. The established explanation for this endowment effect is that consumers evaluate potential trades with respect to their current holdings. From this perspective, selling prices exceed buying prices because owners of a good regard its...

In this paper, we consider the problem of the mechanism design for the multi-agents system. We develop the social learning model for the mechanism design for creating the collective action with an efficient cost sharing rule. We consider the situation in which self-interest agents have incentives to cooperate each other for jointly acquiring the environmental level with sharing the necessary co...

in this study, concentrations of heavy metals in soils around a zn-smelter in qeshm island, iran, are investigated. calculated geoaccumulation index (igeo), contamination factor (cf), and contamination degree (cdeg) values indicate surface soil contamination by toxic metals (as, cd, pb, and zn). the results also indicate that most contaminated areas are located in the vicinity of the smelter an...

risk assessment provides the possibility of planning and management to prevent and reduce the risk of desertification. the present study is aimed to assess the hazard and risk of desertification and to develop management programs in the semi-arid western regions of golestan province in iran. desertification rate was obtained using the iranian model of desertification potential assessment. since...