abstract the wave of islamic radicalism in central asia and separatism threaten china’s neighboring autonomous and muslim-populated xinjiang region. there is much evidence indicating that the threat is clear-cut, though in xinjiang muslim dissidents are not much strong because of increasing suppression of chinese people. in this article, the main question includes what is china’s main security ...

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the disappearance of bipolar system following the disintegration of the soviet union, has also changed many strategic concepts. central asia, as a part of the soviet empire, has become an arena for regional and global challenges after these transformations. the region, already faced with various political, economic, social and cultural problems, soon became a location for the activities of isla...

We examine whether individual differences in needs for security and certainty predict conservative (vs. liberal) position on both cultural and economic political issues and whether these effects are conditional on nation-level characteristics and individual-level political engagement. Analyses with cross-national data from 51 nations reveal that valuing conformity, security, and tradition over ...

The dramatic rise in the US social security and public health expenditure is only partially explained by the demographic trend, and may be due to the political complementarity between these two programs. We suggest that public health care increases the political constituency in favor of social security, and viceversa. Speci...cally, public health decreases the longevity di¤erential between low ...

Safeguarding the energy security is an important energy policy goal of every country. Assuring sufficient and reliable resources of energy at affordable prices is the main objective of energy security. Due to such reasons as special geopolitical position, terrorist attacks and other unrest in the Middle East, securing Iran’s energy demand and increasing her natural gas exports have turned into ...

We model pay-as-you-go social security systems as the outcome of majority voting within a overlapping generations model with production. When voting, individuals make two choices, pay the elderly their pensions or default, which amount to promise themselves next period. Under general circumstances, there exist equilibria where pensions are voted into existence and maintained. Our analysis uncov...

among others internal, regional, international, political, economic, technical, social and cultural factors are reasons that theorists introduce for beginning of integration at a region. by looking at the functions of the shanghai cooperation organization and the association of southeast asian nations (asean), we understand that there are two basic pragmatic factors, the support of the great po...