Stool is chemically complex and the extraction of DNA from stool samples is extremely difficult. Haemoglobin breakdown products, such as bilirubin, bile acids and mineral ions, that are present in the stool samples, can inhibit DNA amplification and cause molecular assays to produce false-negative results. Therefore, stool storage conditions are highly important for the diagnosis of intestinal ...

Ubiquitination is a highly dynamic and versatile posttranslational modification that regulates protein function, stability, and interactions. To investigate the roles of ubiquitination in a primitive eukaryotic lineage, we utilized the early-branching eukaryote Giardia intestinalis. Using a combination of biochemical, immunofluorescence-based, and proteomics approaches, we assessed the ubiquiti...

The infectious and diagnostic stage of Giardia lamblia (also known as G. intestinalis or G. duodenalis) is the cyst. The Giardia cyst wall contains fibrils of a unique beta-1,3-linked N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) homopolymer and at least three cyst wall proteins (CWPs) composed of Leu-rich repeats (CWP(LRR)) and a C-terminal conserved Cys-rich region (CWP(CRR)). Our goals were to dissect the ...

The protozoan parasite Giardia intestinalis belongs to one of the earliest diverged eukaryotic lineages. This is also reflected in a simple intracellular organization, as Giardia lacks common subcellular compartments such as mitochondria, peroxisomes, and apparently also a Golgi apparatus. During encystation, developmentally regulated formation of large secretory compartments containing cyst wa...

Objective: The primary objective is to morphologically identify a marine sponge from Sethubavachatram village in Tamil Nadu, India. Then the bacteria associated with sample synthesize silver nanoparticles and know antimicrobial property of samples. Methods: sponges identified by morphology found be Hippospongia intestinalis. Lysinibacillus macrolides. Silver were synthesikzed analyzed SEM TEM. ...

Giardia intestinalis is a protozoan parasite which infects the gastrointestinal tract of man and animals. It is endemic throughout the world and is transmitted via faecal contamination of drinking water and food. Giardia intestinalis has a relatively simple life cycle alternating between the trophozoite (proliferative form) and the cyst (resting form). The nature of symptoms associated with Gia...

Giardia intestinalis is a parasite protist considered a living fossil because it is placed in the earliest divergence and deepest branch in eukaryote evolution. This parasite grows in vitro as trophozoites and under some conditions differentiates into cysts, characterized by presence of a cyst wall (CW). Proteins and carbohydrates compose the CW of the parasite and are transported by the Encyst...

Differential tolerance of low salinity, competition for nitrogen (N), and facilitation by altering N supply all may act to determine the pattern of seasonal succession of Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) Link and Ulva expansa (Setch) S. and G. in estuaries and lagoons of southern California. Low salinity negatively affected both of these algae. However, when N was in sufficient supply, salinities...