principality of existence, which is one of the most fundamental issues in primary philosophy, is one of the main branches of ṣadr al-muti’allihīn's philosophy and nearly all discourses of transcendental philosophy are considered to be based on it, to the extent that the transcendence of mullā ṣadrā’s philosophy is considered due to the transcendence of existence and the “existence” as his first...

this article studies five major classical hollywood films: psycho, casablanca, double indemnity, the apartment and the searchers and ratiocinates that in this era of cinema history, directors conform with a series of principles, procedures and protocols in order to start the films and also describes that these principles are based on philosophical theories of human minds ways of reasoning. this...

AIM To describe an analysis of the concept of abductive reasoning. BACKGROUND In the discipline of nursing, abductive reasoning has received only philosophical attention and remains a vague concept. In addition to deductive and inductive reasoning, abductive reasoning is not recognized even in prominent nursing knowledge development literature. Therefore, what abductive reasoning is and how i...

1. Introduction 2. What philosophical/methodological issues? 3. Philsophy of science and empirical modeling: Logical positivism/empiricism The downfall of logical positivism/empiricism The new experimentalism Learning from error 4. The Error-Statistical perspective: Statistical inference and its philosophical foundations Statistical Induction and its underlying reasoning Severe testing reasonin...

There are three sections in this paper. The first is a philosophical discussion of the general problem of reasoning under limited deductive capacity. The second sketches a rigorous way of assigning probabilities to statements in pure arithmetic; motivated by the preceding discussion, it can nonetheless be read separately. The third is a philosophical discussion that highlights the shifting cont...

This paper echoes, from a philosophical standpoint, the claim of McCarthy and Hayes that Philosophy and Artificial Intelligence have important relations. Philosophical problems about the use of 'intuition' in reasoning are related, via a concept of analogical representation, to problems in the simulation of perception, problem-solving and the generation of useful sets of possibilities in consid...