BACKGROUND A publication bias exists towards positive results in studies funded by pharmaceutical companies. OBJECTIVES To determine whether drug studies in the pulmonary/allergy literature also demonstrate a publication bias towards more favorable results when a pharmaceutical company funds the study. METHODS We reviewed all original articles published in seven pulmonary and allergy journa...

Two English and two Dutch cases have recently clarified the (potential) liability of parent companies vis-à-vis third parties in relation to damage caused by their subsidiaries. They concern decisions UK Supreme Court Vedanta v Lungowe Okpabi Shell , Hague Appeal Oguru District Milieudefensie (climate change case).

I examine whether firms exploit a publicly traded parent–subsidiary structure to issue equity of the overvalued firm regardless of which firm needs funds, and whether this conveys opposite information about firm values. Using 90 subsidiary and 37 parent seasoned equity offering (SEO) announcements during 1981–2002, I document negative returns to issuers but insignificant returns to nonissuers i...

Despite burgeoning research on companies’ environmental strategies and environmental management practices, it remains unclear why some firms adopt environmental management practices beyond regulatory compliance. This paper leverages institutional theory by proposing that stakeholders – including governments, regulators, customers, competitors, community and environmental interest groups, and in...

information plays a vital role in effective management of any system. with the health management information system (hmis) specific information may be provide to support o the decision makers at various levels of the health system to assist evidence-based decision making. pharmaceutical distributor companies have reported their sales data to moh at monthly intervals. each company should report ...

619 Electrotherapy for pain has been used since 2751 BC (Kellaway, 1946) but entered modern use in 1919 with the introduction of the Electreat (Shealy, 1974). Working with this device in 1966, I asked engineers to create a similar modern solid-state unit. Initially reluctant, engineers created the first solid-state stimulator for pain control in 1971, the Stim-Tech® and shortly thereafter the N...

In the past decade bipolar disorder in children has been diagnosed with rapidly increasing frequency in North America, despite a century of psychiatric consensus that manic-depressive illness rarely had its onset before adolescence. This emergence has happened against a background of vigorous pharmaceutical company marketing of bipolar disorder in adults. In the absence of a license demonstrati...

The rise of biotechnology in the 1970s ushered in a change in innovation strategies in the pharmaceutical industry. The vertically-integrated company become more reliant on a distributed innovation structure in which large corporations integrate the knowledge generated by a network of actors, including small biotechnology firms and public research organisations. In this context, it is important...