The elucidation of the structure of pteroylglutamic acid (PGA) (Lactobacillus casei factor, vitamin B,) has shown that p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) is a component of the PGA molecule (1). Since earlier work has treated PABA and PGA as distinct growth factors for bacteria (2), it is now necessary to study the relationship in the utilization of these substances by bacteria. It has been shown that m...

Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), one type of amino acid polymers, consists of D-and L-glutamic acids linked with amide bonding between α-amino and γ-carboxylic acids. Naturally, γ-PGA could be biodegradable polymer and water-solubleapplied in various industries such as food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Variation of initial L-glutamic acid concentration affecting on the production of ...

BACKGROUND We conducted a retrospective study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of an absorbable polyglycolic acid (PGA) patch in surgery for refractory pneumothorax due to silicosis. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed of 56 patients who received thoracotomy or thoracoscopic surgery for refractory pneumothorax due to silicosis between 1995 and 2010. An absorbable PGA patch was u...

The poly-gamma-d-glutamic acid (PGA) capsule is one of the major virulence factors of Bacillus anthracis, which causes a highly lethal infection. The antiphagocytic PGA capsule disguises the bacilli from immune surveillance and allows unimpeded growth of bacilli in the host. Recently, efforts have been made to include PGA as a component of anthrax vaccine; however, the innate immune response of...

The influence of different parallel genetic algorithm (PGA) architectures on the GA convergence properties is analysed. Next, two proposed versions of these PGA architectures are compared – homogenous and heterogeneous. Finally the effect of re-initialisation in some partial populations on the PGA convergence has been analysed. The proposed PGA modifications are useful mainly in case of non-smo...

Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a biodegradable biopolymer produced by several bacteria, including Bacillus subtilis and other Bacillus species; it has good biocompatibility, is non-toxic, and has various potential biological applications in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and other industries. In this review, we have described the mechanisms of γ-PGA synthesis and gene regulation, its role...

The possibi]ity of producing amino acids under cenditions of denitrification, i.e., with nitrate respiration as an energy-supplying system, was inyestigated using denitrifying bacteria. We found that Bacirrus 1tehenijbrmis A35 accurnulated 7-polyglutamic acid (PGA) to a concentratien ef8 mg per ml in a medium containing glllcose and ammonium chloride or glutamic acid under denitrifying conditio...

Endoscopic tissue shielding with polyglycolic acid (PGA) sheets (Neoveil; Gunze Co., Kyoto, Japan) and fibrin glue (Beriplast P CombiSet; CSL Behring Pharma, Tokyo, Japan) is a promising method for preventing postoperative complications [1–3]. However, this technique is thought to be inefficient for covering large mucosal defects because it takes time to deliver many small PGA sheets. According...

Bacillus subtilis is long known to produce poly-γ-glutamic acids (γ-PGA) as one of the major secreted polymeric substances. In B. subtilis, the regulation of γ-PGA production and its physiological role are still unclear. B. subtilis is also capable of forming structurally complex multicellular communities, or biofilms, in which an extracellular matrix consisting of secreted proteins and polysac...

Due to the low solubility of poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), its use is generally limited to the synthesis of random copolyesters with other hydroxy acids, such as lactic acid, or to applications that permit direct processing from the polymer melt. Insolubility is generally observed for PGA when the degree of polymerization exceeds 20. Here we present a strategy that allows the preparation of PGA-ba...