Pulp and Periradicular Pathways 2 Natural Pathways 2 Apical foramen 2 Lateral canals 4 Dentinal tubules 4 Pathological and Iatrogenic Pathways 5 Dental caries 5 Role of microorganisms 6 Root perforations 7 Root perforations during access preparation 7 Root perforations during cleaning and shaping 8 Root perforations during post space preparations 10 Vertical fracture 10 Periradicular Pathosis 1...

OBJECTIVES To describe a novel technique for closure of moderate-sized nasoseptal perforations and to review the current literature on various techniques for closure of nasoseptal perforations. DESIGN Retrospective review. SETTING Academic research. PATIENTS We performed a retrospective review of a successful novel technique that has been used at a facial plastic and reconstructive surger...

numerical and experimental analyses are performed on multilouvered fin banks in low and medium reynolds regimes to investigate the effects of dimples and perforations on flow structure and heat transfer capacity. in different reynolds numbers the flow efficiency has been calculated numerically and experimentally by flow visualization method and the results showed that dimples and perforations c...

INTRODUCTION There appears to be no relationship between the size of tympanic perforations and hearing loss. Some studies in the literature have assessed this connection, with conflicting data and without proper methodology, especially concerning the measurement of the size of the perforation, which was performed in a subjective manner. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the size of tympanic perforations ...

This study evaluated 13 adult patients with tympanic membrane (TM) perforations in one or both ears. Probe microphone real ear unaided responses (REURs) for mean peak frequency and peak dB gain showed no substantial differences among patients, across ears with intact TMs, ears with TM perforations (regardless of size), or between measures taken before and after closure of the perforations. Insp...

OBJECTIVE To determine an estimated incidence of uterine perforations related to the insertion of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG IUS) and to identify possible risk factors. DESIGN Retrospective, case report study. SETTING Hospitals in Limburg, the Netherlands. METHODS Gynecologists in hospitals in Limburg were asked about uterine perforations related to the insertion ...

Anasal septal perforation is a defect in any portion of the cartilaginous or bony septum with no overlying mucoperichondrium or mucoperiosteum on either side. In the perforation, the mucosal edges epithelialize, preventing closure of the defect. Although some patients may be completely asymptomatic, symptoms can arise from altered nasal laminar airflow, and they may be severely disturbing to pa...

INTRODUCTION Duodenal perforations after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) are an uncommon complication. The management of this kind of perforation is controversial. The aim of this study was to analyze the results of the management of a series of 15 patients who were diagnosed with this complication. METHODS Retrospective study of duodenal perforations after ERCP diagnose...

OBJECTIVE A pressure equalization tube placed within the tympanic membrane is the only clinically available method for inhibiting tympanic membrane regeneration. Problems associated with this include associated otorrhea, biofilm formation, medial migration of the tube, tube retention, induction of granulation tissue, and a small but significant rate of cholesteatoma. We aimed to demonstrate tha...