BACKGROUND Cervical central stenosis (CCS) is a narrowing of the spinal canal that can cause mechanical compression of the spinal nerve and roots, leading to neck pain and/or radicular pain. Cervical epidural steroid injections are commonly used in the treatment of CCS. After failure of epidural steroid injections, the next sequential step is percutaneous adhesiolysis with a targeted drug deliv...

results at three days, one month, three months, and six months after pea compared to pre-pea evaluations, the pain scores and medication intake were significantly decreased. significant pain relief declined from 95% at three days to 75% at six months. conclusions pea for low back pain due to contained disc herniation is a safe and effective procedure. therefore, it may be considered as an optio...

BACKGROUND Chronic refractory low back and lower extremity pain is frustrating to treat. Percutaneous adhesiolysis and spinal endoscopy are techniques which can treat chronic refractory low back and lower extremity pain.Percutaneous adhesiolysis is performed by placing the catheter into the tissue plane at the ventrolateral aspect of the foramen so that medications can be injected. Adhesiolysis...

Epidural fibrosis is seen as a common phenomenon among postlumbar laminectomy syndrome patients, contributing to approximately 60% of symptom recurrence. Percutaneous epidural lysis of adhesions has been described as a modality to effectively manage chronic low back pain secondary to epidural fibrosis. Forty-five patients were randomly assigned, with fifteen patients in the control group, or Gr...

BACKGROUND Among the multiple modalities of treatments available in managing chronic spinal pain, including surgery and multiple interventional techniques, epidural injections by various routes, such as interlaminar epidural injections, caudal epidural injections, transforaminal epidural injections, and percutaneous adhesiolysis are common. Even though the complications of fluoroscopically dir...

Pain treatment can comprise a combination of pharmacological, interventional, surgical, physical, psycological methods. Interventional procedures, particularly minimally invasive percutaneous therapies, have been widely used in recent years. Corticosteroid, hyperbaric saline or oxygen-ozone therapy is a safe procedure for patients in whom pain cannot be relieved by epidural adhesiolysis or othe...

BACKGROUND Post lumbar surgery syndrome or failed back surgery syndrome with persistent pain continues to increase over the years. The speculated causes of post lumbar laminectomy syndrome include acquired stenosis, epidural fibrosis, arachnoiditis, radiculopathy, and recurrent disc herniation. Epidural fibrosis may account for as much as 20% to 36% of all cases of failed back surgery syndrome....

BACKGROUND Clinical guidelines are a constructive response to the reality that practicing physicians require assistance in assimilating and applying the exponentially expanding, often contradictory, body of medical knowledge. They attempt to define practices that meet the needs of most patients under most circumstances. Ideally, specific clinical recommendations contained within practice guidel...