Considerable work has been conducted regarding the perceptibility of color differences for simple images such as uniform color patches. From this work comes such tools as the MacAdam ellipses. Less is known regarding color difference perceptibilitywhen complex images are involved. However, the proliferation ofdesktop publishing equipment and the increasingly technically elegant accompanying sof...

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Manuscript received January, 2006. * A preliminary version of this paper was published as follows: Her, Y.S, Imamoto, K. and Sakurai, K. (2005) `E-voting System with Ballot-Cancellation Based on Double-Encryption', Pre-proceeding of the international Workshop on Information Security Applications 2005, pp.525--532. 1-out-of-L Electronic Voting with Ballot-Cancellation Property Using Double Encry...

In 1998, Mu and Varadharajan proposed an anonymous e-voting scheme to be applied in both small-scale and large-scale elections. They claimed that it protects the anonymity of voters and prevents double voting. They also mentioned that if a malicious voter votes more than once, his identity will be discovered by the election authority. In 2003, Lin et al. demonstrated that the scheme fails to re...

Mu et al. proposed an electronic voting protocol and claimed that it protects voter’s anonymity, detects double voting and authenticates eligible voters. It has been shown that it does not protect voter’s privacy and prevent double voting. After that several improvement have been presented on it which suffer from the same weaknesses. One of the latest improvement on it, relates to Rodriguez-Hen...

BACKGROUND Communities and nations seeking to foster social responsibility in their youth are interested in understanding factors that predict and promote youth involvement in public activities. Orphans and separated children (OSC) are a vulnerable population whose numbers are increasing, particularly in resource-poor settings. Understanding whether and how OSC are engaged in civic activities i...