OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of criminalizing some traffic behaviours, after the reform of the Spanish penal code in 2007, on the number of drivers involved in injury collisions and of people injured in traffic collisions in Spain. METHODS This study followed an interrupted times-series design in which the number of drivers involved in injury collisions and of people injured in traffic c...

This paper dispels the myth of liberal enlightenment in relation to penal law reforms in colonial India by advancing two sets of argument. First, the liberal project of codification on the basis of universalist notion of utilitarianism never broke with cultural hierarchy inbuilt in the very act of colonisation. In this paper, I specifically look into the emerging phenomenon of evolutionary scie...

This is the second in a series of three papers that examine the role of international military medical services in stability operations in unstable countries. The paper discusses security sector reform in general terms and highlights the interdependency of the armed forces, police, judiciary and penal systems in creating a 'secure environment'. The paper then looks at components of a local mili...

The Criminal Code of 1902 was in effect until October 2015, and has consequently framed Norwegian criminal law for more than a Century. The code was originally part of a larger penal reform and pivotal in Norwegian socialand criminal policy-making at the turn of the century. The Law Professor Francis Hagerup (1853-1921) emphasised the year before the code was adopted that the reform did not onl...