bailsman is commitment to summon party .this commitment on suspect of some, cause dominate on the third-party .for this reason, some have questioned the validity of contract, other groups have attempted to justify the validity of the contract with using of joint and several liability and advocacy. in sunni jurisprudence, the first tool used and in shiie, the second tool. but the truth is that t...

promise de port fort is an useful legal basic for justification many civil and commercial transactions. such as bank guaranties, insurance and guaranty of things it divides two legal relations, relation between parties if third party not ratify and relation with third party if she or he ratify that promise. unlike its appearance, it, is not violation the principle of relativity of contracts. be...

arising of loss entitles the third party to the compensation. in this respect, more often than not, the entitlement of the third party finds its justification based on voluntary principles and sometimes based on involuntary ones. if the third party cannot find defense based on voluntary principles, he or she has to resort to involuntary ones. the possibility of multiple compensation methods cou...

the theory of efficient breach states that it is socially useful to breach a contract whenever the breach would leave no party worse off, while leaving at least one party better off. in other words, economic analyses of breach are mainly concerned with situations in which breach is pareto-superior, rather than just overall profit-maximizing. in contrast with moral theories that hold that breach...

Moving beyond a unitary actor assumption that models members of a self-evidently collective entity such as a political party “as if” they all shared a single brain, this paper explores the cohesion and discipline of party legislators in multi-party systems operating under the constitutional rules of parliamentary government. We do this in the context of Italian politics, for which a consistent ...

abstract the feminist movement in the united states like other countries has tried to establish equality for women. from the first attempts to gain constitutional right for vote, up to the current radical demands, feminists have struggled to make changes in the u.s. party politics and obtain their rights within the parties. one of the important issues in which women played a key role in party p...