Apoptosis is one of the most basic biological processes. In apoptosis, tens of species are involved in many biochemical reactions with times scales of widely differing orders of magnitude. By the law of mass action, the process is mathematically described with a large and stiff system of ODEs (ordinary differential equations). The goal of this work is to simplify such systems of ODEs with the P...

We consider financial markets with agents exposed to an external source of risk which cannot be hedged through investments on the capital market alone. The sources of risk we think of may be weather and climate. Therefore we face a typical example of an incomplete financial market. We design a model of a market on which the external risk becomes tradable. In a first step we complete the market ...

We calculate volume-independent ratios of cumulants the net-proton number distribution up to sixth order in a fireball that cools down after chemical freeze-out. A hadron resonance gas model is used together with assumption partial equilibrium, which fixes observed stable hadrons It shown due only weak departure from statistical Boltzmann distribution, also higher-order show dependence on tempe...