The aim of this review is to outline the clinical presentation, pathophysiology and evaluation lower urinary tract (LUT) dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease other parkinsonian syndromes including multiple system atrophy, dementia with Lewy bodies, progressive supranuclear palsy corticobasal degeneration. LUT commonly occurs neurological disorders, patients syndromes. pattern its severity are var...

Parkinsonian disorders comprise a variety of diseases, with differing pathology, natural history and prognosis. Although the most common is idiopathic (classical) Parkinson’s disease (PD), there is increasing recognition of ‘atypical’ parkinsonian disorders, such as multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and Lewy body disease (LBD) (1) (Fig. 1, see over). In some pa...

Two patients with combined cerebellar and Parkinsonian features consistent with olivopontocerebellar degeneration were treated with long term oral l-dopa. Both patients showed improvement of the Parkinsonian symptoms but the cerebellar symptoms were unchanged. It is suggested that the Parkinsonian manifestations of this syndrome are related to loss of dopamine in the striatum secondary to lesio...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Symptoms of autonomic dysfunctions are common in the patients with parkinsonian disorders. Because clinical features of autonomic dysfunctions are diverse, the comprehensive evaluation is essential for the appropriate management. For the appreciation of autonomic dysfunctions and the identification of differences, patients with degenerative parkinsonisms are evaluated usi...

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a relatively common neurological disorder in the elderly. However, only 76% of patients considered clinically to have PD are confirmed to have PD after postmortem examination (Hughes et al., 1993). The most common atypical form of parkinsonism is multiple system atrophy (MSA) (Hughes et al., 1994). MSA is clinically characterized by a combination of parkinsonian, aut...

Parkinsonian diseases comprise a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders, which show significant clinical and pathological overlap. Accurate diagnosis still largely relies on clinical acumen; pathological diagnosis remains the gold standard. There is an urgent need for biomarkers to diagnose parkinsonian disorders, particularly in the early stages when diagnosis is most difficult. In...

This review concentrates on the definition and classification of degenerative movement disorders in which Parkinsonian symptoms are often prominent. The pathological spectrum and clinical manifestations of Lewy body disease are described, and associations with Alzheimer's disease and motor neuron disease are explored. A classification of pallidonigral degenerations is based on clinical features...