We report a case of intrathyroidal and ectopic parathyroid hyperplasia in a 47-year-old female patient with secondary hyperparathyroidism. During evaluation for end stage renal disease, hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism were detected in laboratory exam and thyroid nodules were found in computed tomography, and thyroid ultrasonography. In subsequent dual-phase technetium-99m methoxyisobutrli...

Several imaging modalities exist for the detection of parathyroid adenomas in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Unlike solitary parathyroid adenoma, parathyroid hyperplasia in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism hitherto is difficult to assess with any imaging modality. Our case of a young patient with chronic kidney failure illustrates that F-fluorocholine PET/MR might be an i...

BACKGROUND Parathyroid water-clear cell hyperplasia (WCCH) and water-clear cell adenoma (WCCA) are rare causes of primary hyperparathyroidism. The frequency of WCCH seems to be less than 1% of all primary hyperplasia. CASE PRESENTATION We report a 53-year-old woman with a large unilateral water clear cell parathyroid hyperplasia associated with primary hyperparathyroidism and severe osteoporo...

We report herein a case of intrathyroidal parathyroid hyperplasia in a patient with tertiary hyperparathyroidism. The patient was recommended for parathyroidectomy due to sustained hypercalcemia after kidney transplantation. Preoperative radiologic evaluations showed a benign-looking thyroid mass and three enlarged parathyroid glands. Intraoperative intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) level and f...

Percutaneous ethanol injection therapy (PEIT) of the parathyroid was originally introduced as an alternative to surgical parathyroidectomy. After the recent elucidation of the pathogenesis of parathyroid hyperplasia in uraemia, 'selective PEIT of the parathyroid glands' was developed, in which enlarged parathyroid glands with nodular hyperplasia are 'selectively' destroyed by ethanol injection,...

Calcitriol pulse therapy has markedly changed the management of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic dialysis patients. However, there are still many patients even resistant to this therapy. Our observation of parathyroid size by ultrasonography revealed that these patients usually have enlarged parathyroid glands larger than 0.5 cm3. Such large parathyroid glands are composed of nodular hy...

OBJECTIVE Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is characterized by excessive production of parathyroid hormone (PTH) due to parathyroid adenomas while uremic secondary HPT (sHPT) is caused by parathyroid hyperplasia in response to renal failure. Active vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)), with the vitamin D receptor (VDR) is involved in regulation of the calcium homeostasis t...

Parathyroid cell hyperplasia is commonly observed in patients with chronic renal insufficiency and largely accounts for refractory secondary hyperparathyroidism. Calcimimetics are newly synthesized compounds that activate a calcium receptor on the parathyroid cell and can suppress parathyroid hormone secretion. The calcimimetic compound AMG 073 has been examined in clinical trials, and the data...

We present a case of bilateral retropharyngeal parathyroid hyperplasia detected with 4D-CT in a patient with persistent primary hyperparathyroidism and failed neck exploration. We discuss the embryologic basis of ectopic retropharyngeal parathyroid adenomas and hyperplasia and the utility of 4D-CT in their localization for surgical planning.