The airways of COPD patients are often colonized with bacteria leading to increased airway inflammation. This study sought to determine whether systemic cytokine responses to microbial pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are increased among subjects with severe COPD. In an observational cross-sectional study of COPD subjects, PAMP-induced cytokine responses were measured in whole blo...

Circadian rhythms are endogenous 24-h oscillations that influence a multitude of physiological processes. The pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), lipopolysaccharide, has been shown to modify the circadian molecular clock. The aim of this study was to determine if other PAMPs alter clock gene expression. Therefore, mRNA levels of clock genes (Per2, Bmal1, Rev-erbα, and Dbp) were measur...

Higher eukaryotes sense microbes through the perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Arabidopsis plants detect a variety of PAMPs including conserved domains of bacterial flagellin and of bacterial EF-Tu. Here, we show that flagellin and EF-Tu activate a common set of signaling events and defense responses but without clear synergistic effects. Treatment with either PAMP r...

Typically, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are considered to be conserved throughout classes of microbes and to contribute to general microbial fitness, whereas effectors are species, race, or strain specific and contribute to pathogen virulence. Both types of molecule can trigger plant immunity, designated PAMP-triggered and effector-triggered immunity (PTI and ETI, respectively...

Typically, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are considered to be conserved throughout classes of microbes and to contribute to general microbial fitness, whereas effectors are species, race, or strain specific and contribute to pathogen virulence. Both types of molecule can trigger plant immunity, designated PAMP-triggered and effector-triggered immunity (PTI and ETI, respectively...

The dominant conceptual framework for understanding innate immunity has been that host cells respond to evolutionarily conserved molecular features of pathogens called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Here, we propose that PAMPs should be understood in the context of how they are naturally presented by pathogens. This can be experimentally challenging, since pathogens, almost by ...

Myocardial dysfunction in sepsis has been linked to inflammation caused by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) as well as by host danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). These include soluble heparan sulfate (HS), which triggers the devastating consequences of the pro-inflammatory cascades in severe sepsis and septic shock. Thus, there is increasing interest in the development ...

The first line of defense against infection, the innate immune system, identifies and responds to microbial threats. Central to this response is the discrimination of self from non-self. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed by mammalian cells detect molecular signatures unique to microbes yet absent from the host. These molecules, termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs),...

The innate immune system is the main and first line of defense mechanism present in human body, which acts against a foreign antigen. To function it utilize several mechanisms, among those are primary one recognizing antigen accomplished via decidedly complicated group molecules termed as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), perceive various diverse structures on pathogen known pathogen-associ...