OBJECTIVE The aim of this report was to discuss validity of pacemaker surgery for elderly individuals over 90 years old. PATIENT We operated on 12 individuals over 90 years old who had syncope or congestive heart failure in association with bradycardia, between January 2005 and November 2012. METHODS All 12 patients were referred to us by the cardiology department of our hospital for pacema...

The ganglion on the dorsal surface of the heart of Limulus polyphemus originates the impulses which cause the contractions of the cardiac muscle (1). In large specimens the portion of the dorsal nerve cord which contains the ganglion cells may be 10 or even 12 cm. in length and one naturally wonders where in the extent of this long structure the impulse actually arises. Does it arise in a speci...