BACKGROUND Convergence insufficiency is a common eye muscle co-ordination problem in which the eyes have a strong tendency to drift outward (exophoria) when reading or doing close work. Symptoms may include eye strain, headaches, double vision, print moving on the page, frequent loss of place when reading, inability to concentrate, and short attention span. OBJECTIVES To systematically assess...

Louis Émile Javal was a pioneer in the early history of orthoptics (Figure 1). To anyone knowledgeable about binocular vision, the name Javal conjures up discussions of physiological diplopia, stereoscopes, and fusion training exercises. Javal was a prolific designer of optical devices to use in orthoptic training and ushered in a new era of binocular instrumentation.1–4 Although Wheatstone is ...

background: vision therapy/orthoptics(vt/o) is a package of treatments that enables patients to achieve the maximum level of visual performance.the aim was to determine the effect of three months vision therapy/orthoptics on best corrected visual acuity (bcva), fusion, stereopsis and ocular alignment in 3-7 year old children. materials and methods: in this randomized clinical trial study, 80 ch...