Virtual Environments have been used to train medical surgeons in orthopedic surgery. Using such simulators, residents and surgeons can develop or improve their skills in specific orthopedic surgical processes. In this section 2 of this report, a review of related work in the use of virtual environments in various surgical fields are presented. This includes orthopedic surgery, heart surgery, an...

Level I trauma centers frequently see trauma at or below the ankle, which requires consultation with the orthopedic surgery department. However, as podiatry programs begin to firmly establish themselves in more Level I trauma centers, their consultations increase, ultimately taking those once seen by orthopedic surgery. A review of the literature demonstrates that this paradigm shift has yet to...

1Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran 2Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Akhtar Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran 3Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran 4Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shahid Sadoughi Unive...

1 – Coordinator of the Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Group, Bahia Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology (INSBOT – Instituto Baiano de Ortopedia e Traumatologia); Orthopedic surgeon at the Hospital Português da Bahia 2 – Head of the Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Group, ORTOPED Fracture Clinic; Orthopedic surgeon at the Hospital Português da Bahia 3 – Medical Assistant, Shoulder and Elbow Surgery G...