A common dilemma in adult orthodontic treatment is deciding how best to treat missing posterior teeth. One treatment option is to orthodontically close the space. But closure can be difficult, especially if the open space is in the maxillary posterior area, because tooth movement through the maxillary sinus is limited. The increased difficulty of moving teeth in the maxillary sinus is similar t...

AIMS To establish whether adolescent orthodontic patients with hypodontia have a preference between the aesthetic outcomes of two treatment strategies for lateral incisor agenesis. MATERIALS/METHODS Standardized photographs of pre-orthodontic patients with missing lateral incisors were manipulated to produce images that represented space opening and tooth replacement in the lateral incisor sp...

This case report describes a situation in which a mandibular supernumerary developed during orthodontic treatment and prevented space closure.

BACKGROUND The aim of this retrospective study was to compare the esthetic, periodontal, and functional outcomes of orthodontic space closure versus implant substitution in patients with missing maxillary incisors 5 years after completion of treatment. METHODS The study group consisted of ten patients treated with orthodontic space closure (six males, four females, mean age 19 ± 2.1 years at ...

background: selective alveolar corticotomy is defined as an intentional injury to cortical bone. this technique is an effective means of accelerating orthodontic tooth movement. the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of buccal corticotomy in accelerating maxillary canine retraction. materials and methods: the sample in this clinical trial study consisted of 15 adult female patients wit...

BACKGROUND Bisphosphonates are a common medication for the prevention and therapy of osteoporosis, but are also applied for tumor diseases. They affect bone metabolism, and therefore also orthodontic treatments, but how it does has yet not been definitively clarified. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate and demonstrate the reported effects and the current state of scientific res...

Traditional replacement options for missing maxillary incisors include implants and partial dentures. Although less well known among endodontists and general dentists, orthodontic space closure and autotransplantation of developing premolars may, however, constitute relevant alternatives. The challenge in treating patients with missing maxillary incisors and concomitant malocclusion is how to a...

After extraction, space closure is an essential part of orthodontic treatment which needs thorough understanding of biomechanics used for space closure. Orthodont ic appl iances are being ref ined wi th passage of t ime . This re f inement has reduced the physical e f fort pu t for th in treatment , but does not el imina te the need for an orthodont ist to think, unders tand and apply basic pri...

the aim of this paper is to introduce $(l,m)$-fuzzy closurestructure where $l$ and $m$ are strictly two-sided, commutativequantales. firstly, we define $(l,m)$-fuzzy closure spaces and getsome relations between $(l,m)$-double fuzzy topological spaces and$(l,m)$-fuzzy closure spaces. then, we introduce initial$(l,m)$-fuzzy closure structures and we prove that the category$(l,m)$-{bf fc} of $(l,m...