Organophosphates (OP) are widely used as insecticides. Accidental OP poisoning is reported world over. These compounds inhibit the enzyme acetyl-cholinesterase within the peripheral and central nervous system by phosphorylation of its esteratic site. The resultant accumulation of acetylcholine at the cholinergic receptor sites, leads to signs of cholinergic toxicity. Accidental OP sites, leads ...

Various organophosphorus compounds, particularly those with low acute toxicity levels, such as Fenitrothion (common name; Sumithion), Fenthion (common name; Baycid) and Pyridaphenthion (common name; Ofunack), are widely used as insecticides around the world. PAM (2-Pyridinum aldoxime methiodide), the specific antidote against Parathion, is not very effective against poisoning by these organopho...

A comparative approach to the differences between systemic toxicity and developmental neurotoxicity of organophosphates is critical to determine the degree to which multiple mechanisms of toxicity carry across different members of this class of insecticides. We contrasted neuritic outgrowth and cholinergic synaptic development in neonatal rats given different organophosphates (chlorpyrifos, dia...

Organophosphates are mainly used as pesticides to protect crops from pests. Because organophosphate pesticides’ use has expanded dramatically worldwide, accurate monitoring of their concentrations in the environment and food become utmost importance. Once considered acutely toxic due acetylcholinesterase inhibition, nowadays organophosphates classified extremely dangerous compounds, with a broa...

Data on pesticide active substances were used to assess the reliability of the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) approach. Pesticides were chosen as a robust test because of their potential for toxicity. 328 pesticide substances were classified on the basis of their chemical structure, according to the generic scheme proposed by the European Food Safety Authority. 43 carbamates and organ...

Introduction The competition for crops between human and insects is as old as agriculture. The use of chemical substances to control pests was started in the mid-1800s. In past, certain inorganic and organic compounds, including organochlorides, organophosphates, carbamatespyrethroids and formamides were used as insecticides. Because of the special properties of these chemicals, such as long re...

The development of rapid methods for determining chronic toxicity parameters of chemical compounds introduced by the oral route into an organism with water was studied. Formulas are verified with which threshold values and no-effect toxicity doses for substances can be obtained on the basis of various toxicologic parameters. For the example of organophosphates, a methodological scheme was devel...

Organophosphate (OP) pesticides exert their toxic effects by cholinesterase inhibition and the consequent prolongation of the undesirable effects of accumulation of acetylcholine. However, sustained cholinesterase inhibition through sustained sub-acute administration of organophosphates leads to disappearance of the initial signs of toxicity, termed behavioral tolerance. The present study exami...

BACKGROUND The present study was designed to investigate the insecticidal efficacy of four different classes of insecticides: pyrethroids, organophosphates, phenyl-pyrazoles and neo-nicotenoids. One representative chemical from each class was selected to compare the toxicity: deltamethrin from pyrethroids, Dichlorovinyl Dimethyl Phosphate (DDVP) from organophosphates, fipronil from phenyl-pyraz...